<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oncotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский онкологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian journal of oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1814-4861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2312-3168</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21294/1814-4861-2019-18-3-45-53</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">oncotomsk-1095</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛАБОРАТОРНЫЕ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LABORATORY AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПОВЫШЕНИЕ УРОВНЯ ЭКСПРЕССИИ miR-204-5P В КЛЕТКАХ МЕЛАНОМЫ ПОД ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕМ ДАКАРБАЗИНА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>INCREASED LEVEL OF MIR-204-5P EXPRESSION IN MELANOMA CELLS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DACARBAZINE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2214-1336</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаврентьев</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lavrentiev</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаврентьев Семен Николаевич, аспирант кафедры патологической физиологии</p><p>г. Красноярск, 660022, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): Q-5615-2017</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Semen N. Lavrentev, Postgraduate, Department of Pathophysiology</p><p>1, Zheleznyaka Street, 660022-Krasnoyarsk</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): Q-5615-2017</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7660-700X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аксененко</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aksenenko</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аксененко Мария Борисовна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры патологической физиологии</p><p>г. Красноярск, 660022, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p><p>SPIN-код: 6958-9122.</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): V-1055-2017.</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 55330015100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria B. Aksenenko, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathophysiology</p><p>1, Zheleznyaka Street, 660022-Krasnoyarsk</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 55330015100</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1284-6711</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аверчук</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Averchuk</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аверчук Антон Сергеевич, кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры патологической физиологии</p><p>г. Красноярск, 660022, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p><p>SPIN-код: 7276-8713.</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): I-1075-2018</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton S. Averchuk, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathophysiology</p><p>1, Zheleznyaka Street, 660022-Krasnoyarsk</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): I-1075-2018</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2269-0298</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Komina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Комина Анна Владимировна, кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник кафедры патологической физиологии</p><p>г. Красноярск, 660022, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p><p>SPIN-код: 1172-2769.</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): O-9770-2015.</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 55596122500</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Komina, PhD, Research Scientist, Department of Pathophysiology</p><p>1, Zheleznyaka Street, 660022-Krasnoyarsk</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): O-9770-2015</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 55596122500</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6801-3452</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Палкина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Palkina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Палкина Надежда Владимировна, кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры патологической физиологии</p><p>г. Красноярск, 660022, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p><p>SPIN-код: 7534-4443.</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): P-1585-2015.</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 56126629300</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda V. Palkina, MD, PhD, Department of Pathophysiology</p><p>1, Zheleznyaka Street, 660022-Krasnoyarsk</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): P-1585-2015.</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 56126629300</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8142-4283</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рукша</surname><given-names>Т. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruksha</surname><given-names>T. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рукша Татьяна Геннадьевна, доктор медицинских наук, заведующая кафедрой патологической физиологии</p><p>г. Красноярск, 660022, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p><p>SPIN-код: 5412-2148.</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): A-4801-2014.</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 23009925600</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana G. Ruksha, MD, DSc, Head of the Department of Pathophysiology</p><p>1, Zheleznyaka Street, 660022-Krasnoyarsk</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): A-4801-2014.</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 23009925600</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tatyana_ruksha@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Минздрава России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Russian Federation Ministry of Health Care<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лаврентьев С.Н., Аксененко М.Б., Аверчук А.С., Комина А.В., Палкина Н.В., Рукша Т.Г., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лаврентьев С.Н., Аксененко М.Б., Аверчук А.С., Комина А.В., Палкина Н.В., Рукша Т.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lavrentiev S.N., Aksenenko M.B., Averchuk A.S., Komina A.V., Palkina N.V., Ruksha T.G.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/1095">https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/1095</self-uri><abstract><p>МикроРНК участвуют в регуляции на эпигенетическом уровне многочисленных критических биологических процессов, включая клеточную пролиферацию, дифференцировку, миграцию и инвазию, функционируя в качестве онкосупрессоров или онкогенов. Ранее было определено, что микроРНК miR-204-5p характеризуется сниженным уровнем при меланоме. Основной целью данного исследования явилось определение эффектов изменения уровня экспрессии микроРНК при воздействии на клетки меланомы цитостатическим агентом дакарбазином in vitro, а также синтетическим аналогом miR-204-5p in vivo. Уровень экспрессии miR-204-5p и miR-211 в клетках меланомы оценивали с помощью ПЦР в реальном времени. Противоопухолевые эффекты in vivo определялись при оценке динамики роста опухолевого узла. Токсические эффекты оценивались по поведению животных, потреблению жидкости, корма, а также по уровню АЛТ, АСТ, креатинина, мочевины. На модели меланомы C57BL6 определено, что введение синтетического аналога miR-204-5p не вызвало значимых изменений исследуемой микроРНК в опухолевых клетках. Вместе с тем противоопухолевый препарат дакарбазин в клетках меланомы in vitro приводил к повышению уровня исследуемой микроРНК более чем в 20 раз. Полученные результаты исследования указывают на возможность восстановления уровня miR-204-5p под воздействием цитостатической терапии. С учетом выявленного нами ранее ингибирующего эффекта miR-204-5p на пролиферацию клеток меланомы стоит предположить, что данная микроРНК может играть роль в поддержании дормантного состояния опухолевых клеток. Полученные данные требуют дальнейшего разъяснения, так как это может иметь значение для понимания развития метастазирования, а также прогнозирования эффективности противоопухолевой терапии при меланоме.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Various types of tissues was analyzed, and the algorithm for summing neutron and photon doses in neutronMiRNA s are involved in the regulation of numerous critical biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion. They function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors according to the nature of the target. It has been previously determined that miR-204-5p miRNA is characterized by the increased level in melanoma. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of changes in the level of microRNA expression when dacarbazine was exposed to melanoma cells in vitro and synthetic miR-204-5p in vivo. The expression levels of miR-204-5p and miR-211 in melanoma cells were determined by real-time PCR. Antitumor effects in vivo were verified in assessing the growth dynamics of the tumor node. Toxic effects were assessed by animal behavior, fluid intake, feed, and ALT , AST , creatinine, urea levels. In the model of melanoma C57BL6, it was revealed that the introduction of the synthetic miR-204-5p did not cause significant changes in the investigated microRNA in tumor cells. At the same time, the antitumor effects of dacarbazine in melanoma cells in vitro led to an increase in the level of the investigated microRNA by more than 20 times. The results of the study indicated the possibility of compensating the level of miR-204-5p under the influence of cytostatic therapy. Taking into account the previously revealed miR-204-5p inhibitory effect on the proliferation of melanoma cells, we can assume that this miRNA can play a role in maintaining the dermal state of tumor cells. Further studies are required to understand the metastasis development and predict the response to antitumor therapy for melanoma.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>miR-204-5p</kwd><kwd>miR-211</kwd><kwd>меланома</kwd><kwd>дакарбазин</kwd><kwd>клеточная пролиферация</kwd><kwd>химиотерапия</kwd><kwd>культивирование клеток</kwd><kwd>ПЦР</kwd><kwd>биоинформатический анализ</kwd><kwd>химиорезистентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>miR-204-5p</kwd><kwd>miR-211</kwd><kwd>melanoma</kwd><kwd>dacarbazine</kwd><kwd>cell proliferation</kwd><kwd>chemotherapy</kwd><kwd>cell cultivation</kwd><kwd>PTsR</kwd><kwd>bioinformation analysis</kwd><kwd>chemoresistance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Финансирование Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект № 14-15-00074П)</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was supported by the grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project №14-15-00074)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maverakis E., Cornelius L.A., Bowen G.M., Phan T., Patel F.B., Fitzmaurice S., He Y., Burrall B., Duong C., Kloxin A.M., Sultani H., Wilken R., Martinez S.R., Patel F. Metastatic Melanoma – a review of current and future treatment options. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015 May; 95(5): 516–24. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maverakis E., Cornelius L.A., Bowen G.M., Phan T., Patel F.B., Fitzmaurice S., He Y., Burrall B., Duong C., Kloxin A.M., Sultani H., Wilken R., Martinez S.R., Patel F. Metastatic Melanoma – a review of current and future treatment options. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015 May; 95(5): 516–24. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xin Y., Huang Q., Zhang P., Yang M., Hou X.Y., Tang J.Q., Zhang L.Z., Jiang G. Meta-Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of Interferon Combined With Dacarbazine Versus Dacarbazine Alone in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Apr; 95(16): e3406. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xin Y., Huang Q., Zhang P., Yang M., Hou X.Y., Tang J.Q., Zhang L.Z., Jiang G. Meta-Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of Interferon Combined With Dacarbazine Versus Dacarbazine Alone in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Apr; 95(16): e3406. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hafeez A., Kazmi I. Dacarbazine nanoparticle topical delivery system for the treatment of melanoma. Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 28; 7(1): 16517. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16878-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hafeez A., Kazmi I. Dacarbazine nanoparticle topical delivery system for the treatment of melanoma. Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 28; 7(1): 16517. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16878-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zwergel1 C., Giulia, S., Valente S., Mai A. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Updated Studies in Various Epigenetic-Related Diseases. J Clin Epigenet. 2016 Mar; 2(1/7): 1–15. doi: 10.21767/2472-1158.100015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zwergel1 C., Giulia, S., Valente S., Mai A. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Updated Studies in Various Epigenetic-Related Diseases. J Clin Epigenet. 2016 Mar; 2(1/7): 1–15. doi: 10.21767/2472-1158.100015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lujambio A., Lowe S.W. The microcosmos of cancer. Nature. 2012 Feb 15; 482(7385): 347–55. doi: 10.1038/nature10888.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lujambio A., Lowe S.W. The microcosmos of cancer. Nature. 2012 Feb 15; 482(7385): 347–55. doi: 10.1038/nature10888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palkina N., Komina A., Aksenenko M., Ruksha T. MicroRNA 2045p decreases proliferation/viability and the ability to form colonies in melanoma cells. J Clin Investig Dermatol. 2017 Oct; 137(10/2): 29. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.777.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palkina N., Komina A., Aksenenko M., Ruksha T. MicroRNA 2045p decreases proliferation/viability and the ability to form colonies in melanoma cells. J Clin Investig Dermatol. 2017 Oct; 137(10/2): 29. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.777.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin Y., Zhang B., Wang W., Fei B., Quan C., Zhang J., Song M., Bian Z., Wang Q., Ni S., Hu Y., Mao Y., Zhou L., Wang Y., Yu J., Du X., Hua D., Huang Z. MiR-204-5p inhibits proliferation and invasion and enhances chemotherapeutic sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by downregulating RAB22A. Clin. Cancer Res. 2014 Oct 7; 20: 6187–99. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin Y., Zhang B., Wang W., Fei B., Quan C., Zhang J., Song M., Bian Z., Wang Q., Ni S., Hu Y., Mao Y., Zhou L., Wang Y., Yu J., Du X., Hua D., Huang Z. MiR-204-5p inhibits proliferation and invasion and enhances chemotherapeutic sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by downregulating RAB22A. Clin. Cancer Res. 2014 Oct 7; 20: 6187–99. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Díaz-Martínez M., Benito-Jardón L., Alonso L., Koetz-Ploch L., Hernando E., Teixidó J. miR-204-5p and miR-211-5p Contribute to BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma. Cancer Res. 2018 Feb 15; 78(4): 1017–30. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-1318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Díaz-Martínez M., Benito-Jardón L., Alonso L., Koetz-Ploch L., Hernando E., Teixidó J. miR-204-5p and miR-211-5p Contribute to BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma. Cancer Res. 2018 Feb 15; 78(4): 1017–30. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-1318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao W., Wu Y., He X., Zhang C., Zhu M., Chen B., Liu Q., Qu X., Li W., Wen S., Wang B. MicroRNA-204-5p inhibits invasion and metastasis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by suppressing forkhead box C1. J Cancer. 2017 Jul 21; 8(12): 2356–68. doi: 10.7150/jca.19470.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao W., Wu Y., He X., Zhang C., Zhu M., Chen B., Liu Q., Qu X., Li W., Wen S., Wang B. MicroRNA-204-5p inhibits invasion and metastasis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by suppressing forkhead box C1. J Cancer. 2017 Jul 21; 8(12): 2356–68. doi: 10.7150/jca.19470.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xia B., Yang S., Liu T., Lou G. miR-211 suppresses epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation and cell-cycle progression by targeting Cyclin D1 and CDK6. Mol Cancer. 2015 Mar 11; 14: 57. doi: 10.1186/s12943015-0322-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xia B., Yang S., Liu T., Lou G. miR-211 suppresses epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation and cell-cycle progression by targeting Cyclin D1 and CDK6. Mol Cancer. 2015 Mar 11; 14: 57. doi: 10.1186/s12943015-0322-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galasso M., Morrison C., Minotti L., Corrà F., Zerbinati C., Agnoletto C., Baldassari F., Fassan M., Bartolazzi A., Vecchione A., Nuovo G.J., Di Leva G., D’Atri S., Alvino E., Previati M., Nickoloff B.J., Croce C.M., Volinia S. Loss of miR-204 expression is a key event in melanoma. Mol Cancer. 2018 Mar 9; 17(1): 71. doi: 10.1186/s12943018-0819-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galasso M., Morrison C., Minotti L., Corrà F., Zerbinati C., Agnoletto C., Baldassari F., Fassan M., Bartolazzi A., Vecchione A., Nuovo G.J., Di Leva G., D’Atri S., Alvino E., Previati M., Nickoloff B.J., Croce C.M., Volinia S. Loss of miR-204 expression is a key event in melanoma. Mol Cancer. 2018 Mar 9; 17(1): 71. doi: 10.1186/s12943018-0819-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu L., Wang J., Li X., Ma J., Shi C., Zhu H., Xi Q., Zhang J., Zhao X., Gu M. MiR-204-5p suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting IGFBP5 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2015 Nov 3; 457: 621–6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu L., Wang J., Li X., Ma J., Shi C., Zhu H., Xi Q., Zhang J., Zhao X., Gu M. MiR-204-5p suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting IGFBP5 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2015 Nov 3; 457: 621–6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lou S., Zhao Z., Dezort M., Lohneis T., Zhang C. Multifunctional Nanosystem for Targeted and Controlled Delivery of Multiple ChemotherapeuticAgents for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer. ACS Omega. 2018 Aug 31; 3(8): 9210–19. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00949.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lou S., Zhao Z., Dezort M., Lohneis T., Zhang C. Multifunctional Nanosystem for Targeted and Controlled Delivery of Multiple ChemotherapeuticAgents for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer. ACS Omega. 2018 Aug 31; 3(8): 9210–19. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00949.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian F., Dahmani F.Z., Qiao J., Ni J., Xiong H., Liu T., Zhou J., Yao J. A targeted nanoplatform co-delivering chemotherapeutic and antiangiogenic drugs as a tool toreverse multidrug resistance in breast cancer. Acta Biomater. 2018 Jul 15; 75: 398–412. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian F., Dahmani F.Z., Qiao J., Ni J., Xiong H., Liu T., Zhou J., Yao J. A targeted nanoplatform co-delivering chemotherapeutic and antiangiogenic drugs as a tool toreverse multidrug resistance in breast cancer. Acta Biomater. 2018 Jul 15; 75: 398–412. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drusco A., Croce C.M. MicroRNAs and Cancer: A Long Story for Short RNAs. Adv Cancer Res. 2017; 135: 1–24. doi: 10.1016/ bs.acr.2017.06.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drusco A., Croce C.M. MicroRNAs and Cancer: A Long Story for Short RNAs. Adv Cancer Res. 2017; 135: 1–24. doi: 10.1016/ bs.acr.2017.06.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Happold C., Roth P., Silginer M., Florea A.M., Lamszus K., Frei K., Deenen R., Reifenberger G., Weller M. Interferon-β induces loss of spherogenicity and overcomes therapy resistance of glioblastomastem cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014 Apr; 13(4): 948–61. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-13-0772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Happold C., Roth P., Silginer M., Florea A.M., Lamszus K., Frei K., Deenen R., Reifenberger G., Weller M. Interferon-β induces loss of spherogenicity and overcomes therapy resistance of glioblastomastem cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014 Apr; 13(4): 948–61. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-13-0772.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marusyka A., Polak K. Tumor heterogeneity: causes and consequences. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Jan; 1805(1): 105. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.11.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marusyka A., Polak K. Tumor heterogeneity: causes and consequences. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Jan; 1805(1): 105. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.11.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tisty T., Coussens L. Tumor stroma and regulation of cancer development. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2006. 1: 119–50. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tisty T., Coussens L. Tumor stroma and regulation of cancer development. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2006. 1: 119–50. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pistollato F., Abbadi S., Rampazzo E., Persano L., Puppa D., Frasson C., Sarto E., Scienza R., D’avella D., Basso G. Intratumoral hypoxic gradient drives stem cells distribution and MGMT expression in glioblastoma. Stem Cells. 2010 May; 28(5): 851–62. doi: 10.1002/stem.415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pistollato F., Abbadi S., Rampazzo E., Persano L., Puppa D., Frasson C., Sarto E., Scienza R., D’avella D., Basso G. Intratumoral hypoxic gradient drives stem cells distribution and MGMT expression in glioblastoma. Stem Cells. 2010 May; 28(5): 851–62. doi: 10.1002/stem.415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Attaoua C., Vincent L., Jaoued A., Hadj-Kaddour K., Baï Q., De V., Vian L., Cuq P. Differential involvement of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 and multidrug resistance protein 1 in melanoma acquired resistance to vinca alkaloids. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Oct; 29 (1): 62–71. doi: 10.1111/fcp.12093.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Attaoua C., Vincent L., Jaoued A., Hadj-Kaddour K., Baï Q., De V., Vian L., Cuq P. Differential involvement of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 and multidrug resistance protein 1 in melanoma acquired resistance to vinca alkaloids. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Oct; 29 (1): 62–71. doi: 10.1111/fcp.12093.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cabrini G., Fabbri E., Nigro L., Dechecchi M., Gambari R. Regulation of expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and the treatment of glioblastoma (Review). Int J Oncol. 2015 May; 47 (2): 417–428. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cabrini G., Fabbri E., Nigro L., Dechecchi M., Gambari R. Regulation of expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and the treatment of glioblastoma (Review). Int J Oncol. 2015 May; 47 (2): 417–428. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
