<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oncotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский онкологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian journal of oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1814-4861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2312-3168</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21294/1814-4861-2020-19-1-31-39</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">oncotomsk-1319</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РАК ТОЛСТОЙ КИШКИ С МИКРОСАТЕЛЛИТНОЙ НЕСТАБИЛЬНОСТЬЮ У ПОЖИЛЫХ БОЛЬНЫХ: РОЛЬ ИММУНОДЕФИЦИТА И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MICROSATELLITE-UNSTABLE COLORECTAL CANCER IN ELDERLY PATIENTS: CLINICAL FEATURES AND THE ROLE OF IMMUNODEFICIENCY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5110-047X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пашков</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pashkov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий хирургическим отделением; ассистент кафедры госпитальной хирургии</p><p>SPIN‑код: 5285‑6801 ResearcherID (WOS): N‑6822‑2016. Author ID (Scopus): 57200752900 Россия, г. Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный, 197758, ул. К. Маркса, 43</p><p>Россия, 194044, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Surgery Department; assistant of the Surgery Department</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): N‑6822‑2016. Author ID (Scopus): 57200752900</p><p>43, K. Marksa str., Pesochny, 197758, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p><p>6, Akademika Lebedeva str., 194044, St-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ku46spb@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6504-8636</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Венина</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Venina</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>68, Leningradskaya str., Pesochny, 197758, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6279-2312</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванцов</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivantsov</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник научной лаборатории морфологии опухолей</p><p>ResearcherID (WOS): Q‑9953‑2016. Author ID (Scopus): 26025936100 Россия, пос. Песочный, 197758, ул. Ленинградская, 68</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, research fellow, Laboratory of Tumor Morphology</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): Q‑9953‑2016. Author ID (Scopus): 26025936100</p><p>68, Leningradskaya str., Pesochny, 197758, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9844-4536</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янус</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yanus</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>68, Leningradskaya str., Pesochny, 197758, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Раскин</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Raskin</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, руководитель отдела патологической анатомии Россия, г. Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный, 197758, ул. К. Маркса, 43</p><p>Россия, пос. Песочный, 197758, ул. Ленинградская, 70</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>43, K. Marksa str., Pesochny, 197758, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p><p> </p><p>70, Leningradskaya str., Pesochny, 197758, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4529-7891</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Имянитов</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Imyanitov</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член‑корреспондент Российской академии наук, заведующий научным отделом биологии опухолевого роста; руководитель кафедры медицинской генетики  Россия, пос. Песочный, 197758, ул. Ленинградская, 68</p><p>Россия, г. Санкт-Петербург, 194100, ул. Литовская, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Scientific Department of Tumor Growth Biology</p><p>68, Leningradskaya str., Pesochny, 197758, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p><p>2, Litovskaya str., 194100, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кубрина</surname><given-names>С. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kubrina</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7-9, Universitetskaya emb., 199034, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Микушина</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikushina</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>68, Leningradskaya str., Pesochny, 197758, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Манихас</surname><given-names>Г. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Manikhas</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6-8, L. Tolstoy str., 197022, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономарева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomareva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>65, Veteranov pr., 198255, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дзидзава</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzidzava</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой госпитальной хирургии</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): Q‑1992‑2016. Author ID (Scopus): 8901380100 Россия, 194044, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Surgery Department</p><p> Researcher ID (WOS): Q‑1992‑2016. Author ID (Scopus): 8901380100</p><p>6, Akademika Lebedeva str., 194044, St-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5454-5186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иевлева</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Iyevleva</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник научной лаборатории молекулярной онкологии</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): P‑8305‑2016. Author ID (Scopus): 6506417697 Россия, пос. Песочный, 197758, ул. Ленинградская, 68</p><p>Россия, г. Санкт-Петербург, 194100, ул. Литовская, 2 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Research Fellow, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): P‑8305‑2016. Author ID (Scopus): 6506417697</p><p>68, Leningradskaya str., Pesochny, 197758, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p><p>2, Litovskaya str., 194100, St.-Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Лечебно-диагностический центр Медицинский институт им. Березина Сергея», &#13;
ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова» МО РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical Institute N. A. Berezin Sergey,&#13;
S.M. Kirov’s Military Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Лечебно-диагностический центр Медицинский институт им. Березина Сергея»,&#13;
ФГБУ «РНЦРХТ им. акад. А.М. Гранова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical Institute N. A. Berezin Sergey,&#13;
A.M. Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России, &#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology,&#13;
Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>СПб ГБУЗ «Городской клинический онкологический диспансер»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg City Clinical Oncology Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-8"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова» МО РФ,</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.M. Kirov’s Military Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-9"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России,&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, &#13;
Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пашков Д.В., Венина А.Р., Иванцов А.О., Янус Г.А., Раскин Г.А., Имянитов Е.Н., Кубрина С.Е., Микушина А.Д., Манихас Г.М., Пономарева Е.В., Дзидзава И.И., Иевлева А.Г., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пашков Д.В., Венина А.Р., Иванцов А.О., Янус Г.А., Раскин Г.А., Имянитов Е.Н., Кубрина С.Е., Микушина А.Д., Манихас Г.М., Пономарева Е.В., Дзидзава И.И., Иевлева А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pashkov D.V., Venina A.R., Ivantsov A.O., Yanus G.A., Raskin G.A., Imyanitov E.N., Kubrina S.E., Mikushina A.D., Manikhas G.M., Ponomareva E.V., Dzidzava I.I., Iyevleva A.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/1319">https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/1319</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Опухоли с феноменом микросателлитной нестабильности (microsatellite instability, MSI) представляют собой отдельную категорию рака толстой кишки (РТК). Подобные новообразования составляют до 20 % карцином этой локализации и характеризуются своеобразными молекулярными и клиническими проявлениями, в том числе высокой иммуногенностью и чувствительностью к иммунотерапии. Микросателлитная нестабильность встречается у двух разных групп пациентов – молодых больных с синдромом Линча и у пациентов старше 70 лет с ненаследственным РТК. Мы предполагаем, что развитию спорадических MSI-позитивных опухолей у пожилых пациентов может способствовать сопутствующее старению снижение иммунной защиты. </p><p>Целью исследования стало изучение различных клинико-морфологических характеристик у пожилых больных с MSI-позитивным РТК. </p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Микросателлитная нестабильность и мутация V600E в гене BRAF оценивались методами, основанными на ПЦР, в группе из 384 больных РТК старше 65 лет. Сравнительный анализ клинических и патоморфологических особенностей выполнен у 23 пациентов с MSI-позитивными опухолями и 34 больных MSI-негативным РТК. </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В группе больных РТК с MSI-позитивным фенотипом преобладают случаи локализации рака в правой половине ободочной кишки, низкая степень дифференцировки и наличие муцинозного компонента в опухоли (p&lt;0,0001, p=0,005 и p=0,0001 соответственно). У пациентов с MSI-позитивным РТК, содержащим мутацию BRAF, значительно чаще встречается резус-отрицательный фенотип эритроцитов (53,3 % vs 11,8 %, p=0,004). У больных с MSI-позитивными карциномами отмечено увеличение частоты лейкоцитоза (p=0,009) и лимфопении (p=0,014) в периферической крови в предоперационном периоде. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Повышенная частота резус-негативного фенотипа эритроцитов и изменения в формуле белой крови у пожилых больных РТК с MSI-позитивным фенотипом могут свидетельствовать о роли нарушений иммунной системы в развитии микросателлит-нестабильных карцином.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Tumors demonstrating the phenomenon of microsatellite instability (MSI) represent a special category of colorectal cancer (CRC). Such neoplasms account for up to 20 % of CRC and are characterized by specific molecular and clinical manifestations, including high immunogenicity and sensitivity to immunotherapy. MSI phenotype occurs in two different groups of patients: young individuals with Lynch syndrome and patients older than 70 years with non-hereditary CRC. We assume that the development of sporadic MSI-positive tumors in elderly patients may be associated with age-dependent decrease in immune defense. </p><p>The aim of the study was to investigate clinical and morphological characteristics in elderly patients with MSI-positive colorectal cancer. </p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. MSI status and mutations in the BRAF gene were tested in a group of 384 CRC patients older than 65 years by PCR-based techniques. A comparative analysis of clinico-pathological features was further conducted in the groups of 23 MSI-positive and 34 MSI-negative CRC cases. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. MSI-positive phenotype was associated with the proximal tumor location, low degree of differentiation and the presence of the mucinous component in the tumor (p&lt;0.0001, p=0.005, and p=0.0001, respectively). Patients with MSI-positive CRC containing BRAF mutations showed a significant prevalence of RhD-negative erythrocyte phenotype (53.3 % vs 11.8 %, p=0.004). In patients with MSI-positive carcinomas, the increased frequency of preoperative leukocytosis (p=0.009) and lymphopenia (p=0.014) was observed. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The increased occurrence of Rh-negative erythrocyte phenotype and white blood formula changes in elderly patients with MSI-positive CRC may indicate the role of immune system disorders in the development of microsatellite-unstable carcinomas. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак толстой кишки</kwd><kwd>микросателлитная нестабильность</kwd><kwd>мутация</kwd><kwd>резус-фактор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>microsatellite instability</kwd><kwd>mutation</kwd><kwd>rhesus antigen</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation № 17-15-01384</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hatch S.B., Lightfoot H.M.Jr., Garwacki C.P., Moore D.T., Calvo B.F., Woosley J.T., Sciarrotta J., Funkhouser W.K., Farber R.A. Microsatellite instability testing in colorectal carcinoma: choice of markers affects sensitivity of detection of mismatch repair‑deficient tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 15; 11(6): 2180–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hatch S.B., Lightfoot H.M.Jr., Garwacki C.P., Moore D.T., Calvo B.F., Woosley J.T., Sciarrotta J., Funkhouser W.K., Farber R.A. Microsatellite instability testing in colorectal carcinoma: choice of markers affects sensitivity of detection of mismatch repair‑deficient tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 15; 11(6): 2180–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morandi L., de Biase D., Visani M., Monzoni A., Tosi A., Brulatti M., Turchetti D., Baccarini P., Tallini G., Pession A. T([20]) repeat in the 3’‑untranslated region of the MT1X gene: a marker with high sensitivity and specificity to detect microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012 May; 27(5): 647–56. doi: 10.1007/s00384‑011‑1365‑7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morandi L., de Biase D., Visani M., Monzoni A., Tosi A., Brulatti M., Turchetti D., Baccarini P., Tallini G., Pession A. T([20]) repeat in the 3’‑untranslated region of the MT1X gene: a marker with high sensitivity and specificity to detect microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012 May; 27(5): 647–56. doi: 10.1007/s00384‑011‑1365‑7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piñol V., Castells A., Andreu M., Castellví-Bel S., Alenda C., Llor X., Xicola R.M., Rodríguez-Moranta F., Payá A., Jover R., Bessa X.; Gastrointestinal Oncology Group of the Spanish Gastroenterological Association. Accuracy of revised Bethesda guidelines, microsatellite instability, and immunohistochemistry for the identification of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. JAMA. 2005 Apr 27; 293(16): 1986–94. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.16.1986.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piñol V., Castells A., Andreu M., Castellví-Bel S., Alenda C., Llor X., Xicola R.M., Rodríguez-Moranta F., Payá A., Jover R., Bessa X.; Gastrointestinal Oncology Group of the Spanish Gastroenterological Association. Accuracy of revised Bethesda guidelines, microsatellite instability, and immunohistochemistry for the identification of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. JAMA. 2005 Apr 27; 293(16): 1986–94. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.16.1986.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vilar E., Gruber S.B. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer‑ the stable evidence. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar; 7(3): 153–62. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vilar E., Gruber S.B. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer‑ the stable evidence. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar; 7(3): 153–62. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.237.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boland C.R., Goel A. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010; 138(6): 2073–2087. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.064.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boland C.R., Goel A. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010; 138(6): 2073–2087. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.064.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buecher B., Cacheux W., Rouleau E., Dieumegard B., Mitry E., Lièvre A. Role of microsatellite instability in the management of colorectal cancers. Dig Liver Dis. 2013 Jun; 45(6): 441–9. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.10.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buecher B., Cacheux W., Rouleau E., Dieumegard B., Mitry E., Lièvre A. Role of microsatellite instability in the management of colorectal cancers. Dig Liver Dis. 2013 Jun; 45(6): 441–9. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.10.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geiersbach K.B., Samowitz W.S. Microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer. Pathol Lab Med. 2011 Oct; 135(10): 1269–77. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2011‑0035‑RA.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geiersbach K.B., Samowitz W.S. Microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer. Pathol Lab Med. 2011 Oct; 135(10): 1269–77. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2011‑0035‑RA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heinimann K. Toward a molecular classification of colorectal cancer: the role of microsatellite instability status. Front Oncol. 2013 Oct 31; 3: 272. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heinimann K. Toward a molecular classification of colorectal cancer: the role of microsatellite instability status. Front Oncol. 2013 Oct 31; 3: 272. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kane M.F., Loda M., Gaida G.M., Lipman J., Mishra R., Goldman H., Jessup J.M., Kolodner R. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repair‑defective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1997 Mar 1; 57(5): 808–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kane M.F., Loda M., Gaida G.M., Lipman J., Mishra R., Goldman H., Jessup J.M., Kolodner R. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repair‑defective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1997 Mar 1; 57(5): 808–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parsons M.T., Buchanan D.D., Thompson B., Young J.P., Spurdle A.B. Correlation of tumor BRAF mutations and MLH1 methylation with germline mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation status: a literature review assessing utility of tumor features for MMR variant classification. J Med Genet. 2012 Mar; 49(3): 151–7. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet‑2011‑100714.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parsons M.T., Buchanan D.D., Thompson B., Young J.P., Spurdle A.B. Correlation of tumor BRAF mutations and MLH1 methylation with germline mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation status: a literature review assessing utility of tumor features for MMR variant classification. J Med Genet. 2012 Mar; 49(3): 151–7. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet‑2011‑100714.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vilar E., Tabernero J. Molecular dissection of microsatellite instable colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov. 2013; 3(5): 502–11. doi: 10.1158/2159‑8290.CD‑12‑0471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vilar E., Tabernero J. Molecular dissection of microsatellite instable colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov. 2013; 3(5): 502–11. doi: 10.1158/2159‑8290.CD‑12‑0471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banerjea A., Bustin S.A., Dorudi S. The immunogenicity of colorectal cancers with high‑degree microsatellite instability. World J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 12; 3:26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banerjea A., Bustin S.A., Dorudi S. The immunogenicity of colorectal cancers with high‑degree microsatellite instability. World J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 12; 3:26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bauer K., Nelius N., Reuschenbach M., Koch M., Weitz J., Steinert G., Kopitz J., Beckhove P., Tariverdian M., von Knebel Doeberitz M., Kloor M. T cell responses against microsatellite instability‑induced frameshift peptides and influence of regulatory T cells in colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013 Jan; 62(1): 27–37. doi: 10.1007/s00262‑012‑1303‑8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauer K., Nelius N., Reuschenbach M., Koch M., Weitz J., Steinert G., Kopitz J., Beckhove P., Tariverdian M., von Knebel Doeberitz M., Kloor M. T cell responses against microsatellite instability‑induced frameshift peptides and influence of regulatory T cells in colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013 Jan; 62(1): 27–37. doi: 10.1007/s00262‑012‑1303‑8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bustin S.A., Li S.R., Phillips S., Dorudi S. Expression of HLA class II in colorectal cancer: evidence for enhanced immunogenicity of microsatellite‑instability‑positive tumours. Tumour Biol. 2001 Sep‑Oct; 22(5): 294. doi: 10.1159/000050630.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bustin S.A., Li S.R., Phillips S., Dorudi S. Expression of HLA class II in colorectal cancer: evidence for enhanced immunogenicity of microsatellite‑instability‑positive tumours. Tumour Biol. 2001 Sep‑Oct; 22(5): 294. doi: 10.1159/000050630.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deschoolmeester V., Baay M., Lardon F., Pauwels P., Peeters M. Immune Cells in Colorectal Cancer: Prognostic Relevance and Role of MSI. Cancer Microenviron. 2011 Dec; 4(3): 377–92. doi: 10.1007/s12307‑011‑0068‑5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deschoolmeester V., Baay M., Lardon F., Pauwels P., Peeters M. Immune Cells in Colorectal Cancer: Prognostic Relevance and Role of MSI. Cancer Microenviron. 2011 Dec; 4(3): 377–92. doi: 10.1007/s12307‑011‑0068‑5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drescher K.M., Sharma P., Watson P., Gatalica Z., Thibodeau S.N., Lynch H.T. Lymphocyte recruitment into the tumor site is altered in patients with MSI‑H colon cancer. Fam Cancer. 2009; 8(3): 231–9. doi: 10.1007/s10689‑009‑9233‑0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drescher K.M., Sharma P., Watson P., Gatalica Z., Thibodeau S.N., Lynch H.T. Lymphocyte recruitment into the tumor site is altered in patients with MSI‑H colon cancer. Fam Cancer. 2009; 8(3): 231–9. doi: 10.1007/s10689‑009‑9233‑0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jass J.R. Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features. Histopathology. 2007 Jan; 50(1): 113–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365‑2559.2006.02549.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jass J.R. Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features. Histopathology. 2007 Jan; 50(1): 113–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365‑2559.2006.02549.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kloor M., Michel S., von Knebel Doeberitz M. Immune evasion of microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers. Int J Cancer. 2010 Sep 1; 127(5): 1001–10. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kloor M., Michel S., von Knebel Doeberitz M. Immune evasion of microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers. Int J Cancer. 2010 Sep 1; 127(5): 1001–10. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25283.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malesci A., Laghi L., Bianchi P., Delconte G., Randolph A., Torri V., Carnaghi C., Doci R., Rosati R., Montorsi M., Roncalli M., Gennari L., Santoro A. Reduced likelihood of metastases in patients with microsatellite‑unstable colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007; 13(13): 3831–9. doi: 10.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑07‑0366.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malesci A., Laghi L., Bianchi P., Delconte G., Randolph A., Torri V., Carnaghi C., Doci R., Rosati R., Montorsi M., Roncalli M., Gennari L., Santoro A. Reduced likelihood of metastases in patients with microsatellite‑unstable colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007; 13(13): 3831–9. doi: 10.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑07‑0366.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michel S., Benner A., Tariverdian M., Wentzensen N., Hoefler P., Pommerencke T., Grabe N., von Knebel Doeberitz M., Kloor M. High density of FOXP3‑positive T cells infiltrating colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Br J Cancer. 2008 Dec 2; 99(11): 1867–73. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604756.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michel S., Benner A., Tariverdian M., Wentzensen N., Hoefler P., Pommerencke T., Grabe N., von Knebel Doeberitz M., Kloor M. High density of FOXP3‑positive T cells infiltrating colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Br J Cancer. 2008 Dec 2; 99(11): 1867–73. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604756.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogino S., Nosho K., Irahara N., Meyerhardt J.A., Baba Y., Shima K., Glickman J.N., Ferrone C.R., Mino-Kenudson M., Tanaka N., Dranoff G., Giovannucci E.L., Fuchs C.S. Lymphocytic reaction to colorectal cancer is associated with longer survival, independent of lymph node count, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Oct 15; 15(20): 6412–20. doi: 10.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑09‑1438.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogino S., Nosho K., Irahara N., Meyerhardt J.A., Baba Y., Shima K., Glickman J.N., Ferrone C.R., Mino-Kenudson M., Tanaka N., Dranoff G., Giovannucci E.L., Fuchs C.S. Lymphocytic reaction to colorectal cancer is associated with longer survival, independent of lymph node count, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Oct 15; 15(20): 6412–20. doi: 10.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑09‑1438.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Knebel Doeberitz M., Kloor M. Towards a vaccine to prevent cancer in Lynch syndrome patients. Fam Cancer. 2013 Jun; 12(2): 307–12. doi: 10.1007/s10689‑013‑9662‑7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Knebel Doeberitz M., Kloor M. Towards a vaccine to prevent cancer in Lynch syndrome patients. Fam Cancer. 2013 Jun; 12(2): 307–12. doi: 10.1007/s10689‑013‑9662‑7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandal R., Samstein R.M., Lee K.W., Havel J.J., Wang H., Krishna C., Sabio E.Y., Makarov V., Kuo F., Blecua P., Ramaswamy A.T., Durham J.N., Bartlett B., Ma X., Srivastava R., Middha S., Zehir A., Hechtman J.F., Morris L.G., Weinhold N., Riaz N., Le D.T., Diaz L.A.Jr., Chan T.A. Genetic diversity of tumors with mismatch repair deficiency influences anti‑PD‑1 immunotherapy response. Science. 2019 May 3; 364(6439): 485–491. doi: 10.1126/science.aau0447.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandal R., Samstein R.M., Lee K.W., Havel J.J., Wang H., Krishna C., Sabio E.Y., Makarov V., Kuo F., Blecua P., Ramaswamy A.T., Durham J.N., Bartlett B., Ma X., Srivastava R., Middha S., Zehir A., Hechtman J.F., Morris L.G., Weinhold N., Riaz N., Le D.T., Diaz L.A.Jr., Chan T.A. Genetic diversity of tumors with mismatch repair deficiency influences anti‑PD‑1 immunotherapy response. Science. 2019 May 3; 364(6439): 485–491. doi: 10.1126/science.aau0447.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuza K., Nagahashi M., Watanabe S., Takabe K., Wakai T. Hypermutation and microsatellite instability in gastrointestinal cancers. Oncotarget. 2017 Dec 1; 8(67): 112103–112115. doi: 10.18632/oncotar‑get.22783.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuza K., Nagahashi M., Watanabe S., Takabe K., Wakai T. Hypermutation and microsatellite instability in gastrointestinal cancers. Oncotarget. 2017 Dec 1; 8(67): 112103–112115. doi: 10.18632/oncotar‑get.22783.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">López-Otín C., Blasco M.A., Partridge L., Serrano M., Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013 Jun 6; 153(6): 1194–217. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">López-Otín C., Blasco M.A., Partridge L., Serrano M., Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013 Jun 6; 153(6): 1194–217. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yanus G.A., Belyaeva A.V., Ivantsov A.O., Kuligina E.Sh., Suspitsin E.N., Mitiushkina N.V., Aleksakhina S.N., Iyevleva A.G., Zaitseva O.A., Yatsuk O.S., Gorodnova T.V., Strelkova T.N., Efremova S.A., Lepenchuk A.Y., Ochir-Garyaev A.N., Paneyah M.B., Matsko D.E., Togo A.V., Imyanitov E.N. Pattern of clinically relevant mutations in consecutive series of Russian colorectal cancer patients. Med Oncol. 2013; 30(3): 686. doi: 10.1007/s12032‑013‑0686‑5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yanus G.A., Belyaeva A.V., Ivantsov A.O., Kuligina E.Sh., Suspitsin E.N.,  Mitiushkina N.V., Aleksakhina S.N., Iyevleva A.G., Zaitseva O.A., Yatsuk O.S., Gorodnova T.V., Strelkova T.N., Efremova S.A., Lepenchuk A.Y., Ochir-Garyaev A.N., Paneyah M.B., Matsko D.E., Togo A.V., Imyanitov E.N. Pattern of clinically relevant  mutations in consecutive series of Russian colorectal cancer patients. Med Oncol. 2013; 30(3): 686. doi: 10.1007/s12032‑013‑0686‑5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flegel W.A. Molecular genetics and clinical applications for RH. Transfus Apher Sci. 2011 Feb; 44(1): 81–91. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2010.12.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flegel W.A. Molecular genetics and clinical applications for RH. Transfus Apher Sci. 2011 Feb; 44(1): 81–91. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2010.12.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kustu S., Inwood W. Biological gas channels for NH3 and CO2: evidence that Rh (Rhesus) proteins are CO2 channels. Transfus Clin Biol. 2006 Mar‑Apr; 13(1–2): 103–10. doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2006.03.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kustu S., Inwood W. Biological gas channels for NH3 and CO2: evidence that Rh (Rhesus) proteins are CO2 channels. Transfus Clin Biol. 2006 Mar‑Apr; 13(1–2): 103–10. doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2006.03.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Kim C.L., Colin Y., Cartron J.P. Rh proteins: key structural and functional components of the red cell membrane. Blood Rev. 2006 Mar; 20(2): 93–110. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2005.04.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Kim C.L., Colin Y., Cartron J.P. Rh proteins: key structural and functional components of the red cell membrane. Blood Rev. 2006 Mar; 20(2): 93–110. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2005.04.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flegr J., Hoffmann R., Dammann M. Worse Health Status and Higher Incidence of Health Disorders in Rhesus Negative Subjects. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 23; 10(10): e0141362. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flegr J., Hoffmann R., Dammann M. Worse Health Status and Higher Incidence of Health Disorders in Rhesus Negative Subjects. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 23; 10(10): e0141362. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141362.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
