<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oncotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский онкологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian journal of oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1814-4861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2312-3168</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21294/1814-4861-2020-19-1-40-49</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">oncotomsk-1320</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СОЧЕТАННАЯ ЛУЧЕВАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ РАКА ПРЕДСТАТЕЛЬНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ БРАХИТЕРАПИИ ИСТОЧНИКОМ ВЫСОКОЙ МОЩНОСТИ ДОЗЫ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ДВУХ РЕЖИМОВ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE COMBINATION OF EXTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY WITH HIGH DOSE RATE BRAHYTERAPY BOOST FOR PROSTATE CANCER: A COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF TWO FRACTION MODES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1753-7926</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Канаев</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kanaev</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделом лучевой терапии и лучевой диагностики</p><p>SPIN‑код: 1602‑5672. AuthorID (РИНЦ): 702854. Author ID (Scopus): 7005450022. ResearcherID (WOS): P‑5375‑2015Россия, 197758, г. Санкт-Петербург, п. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Diagnostics </p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 7005450022. ResearcherID (WOS): P‑5375‑2015 </p><p>68, Leningradskaya Street, 197758, St-Petersburg, Russia </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-1967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий отделением радиотерапии, заведующий научным отделением радиационной онкологии и ядерной медицины</p><p>SPIN‑код: 7346‑0687. AuthorID (РИНЦ): 212535 Россия, 197758, г. Санкт-Петербург, п. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>68, Leningradskaya Street, 197758, St-Petersburg, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">novikov-spb@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гафтон</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gafton</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий отделом общей онкологии и онкоурологии</p><p>AuthorID (РИНЦ): 295867</p><p>Россия, 197758, г. Санкт-Петербург, п. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>68, Leningradskaya Street, 197758, St-Petersburg, Russia </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Р. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Senior Researcher of Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department</p><p>68, Leningradskaya Street, 197758, St-Petersburg, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">novikov-spb@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Petrov National Medical Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Канаев С.В., Новиков С.Н., Гафтон Г.И., Новиков Р.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Канаев С.В., Новиков С.Н., Гафтон Г.И., Новиков Р.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kanaev S.V., Novikov S.N., Gafton G.I., Novikov R.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/1320">https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/1320</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – проанализировать результаты лечения больных раком предстательной железы (РПЖ) посредством сочетанной лучевой терапии (СЛТ) с использованием в качестве метода подведения дополнительной дозы облучения (boost) брахитерапии источником высокой мощности дозы (БТ-ВМД) (198Ir) в виде двух фракций по 10 Гр или одной фракции в 15 Гр. </p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. С июля 2012-го по июнь 2017 г. в ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России СЛТ проведена 98 больным РПЖ. Дистанционный этап лечения (IMRT) был стандартным и подразумевал подведение 46–50 Гр (разовая очаговая доза) 2 Гр к предстательной железе, семенным пузырькам и зонам регионарного лимфооттока (RTOG, 2009). Использовались два режима подведения boost к предстательной железе и семенным пузырькам: две фракции БТ-ВМД по 10 Гр – 81 (82,7 %) пациент (I группа) или одна фракция в 15 Гр – 17 (17,3 %) больных (II группа). Критериями включения являлись: высокий или крайне высокий риск рецидива по NCCN (2010), отсутствие данных за отдаленные метастазы (сM0), отсутствие выраженных нарушений со стороны мочевыводящих путей (объем остаточной мочи менее 50 мл, IPSS менее 17 баллов, максимальная скорость мочеиспускания ≥10 мл/сек). Оценка лучевых осложнений (токсичности) осуществлялась в соответствии с общепринятыми критериями RTOG/EORTC (1995) и с учетом терминологических рекомендаций CTCAE v4.0 (2009). </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Медиана наблюдения в группах СЛТ составила: I группа – 39,2 [30,7; 48,7] (20,3–69,8) мес, II группа – 37,0 [30,9; 47,9] (23,7–50,7) мес (р=0,8). Трехлетняя выживаемость без биохимического рецидива в исследуемых группах независимо от схемы подведения boost составила 77,1 % (I группа – 75,9 %, II группа – 77,8 %) (p=0,7). Трехлетняя безрецидивная выживаемость у пациентов высокого и крайне высокого риска независимо от схемы СЛТ составила 88,6 и 70,8 % соответственно (р=0,04). Ранние и поздние лучевые осложнения со стороны органов мочеполовой системы и желудочно-кишечного тракта IV–V степени не зарегистрированы. Значимая ранняя мочеполовая лучевая токсичность (Р-МПЛТ) и ранняя прямокишечно-интестинальная лучевая токсичность (Р-ПИЛТ) (III степени) зарегистрированы в I группе в 13,5 и 12,3 %, во II – в 17,6 и 5,9 % случаев соответственно. Наиболее значимым вариантом поздних нарушений явилось формирование стриктуры уретры (один пациент I группы) и постлучевого стеноза прямой кишки (один пациент II группы). Оценка уровня эректильной функции (ЭФ) в обеих группах продемонстрировала существенное снижение показателей удовлетворенности качеством половой жизни, что, вероятно, может быть объяснено не только лучевым повреждением структур, отвечающих за гемодинамику полового члена, но и кастрационным синдромом вследствие длительной гормональной депривации у подавляющего числа больных групп СЛТ. </p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Проведение СЛТ на основе БТ-ВМД сопровождается приемлемым уровнем осложнений со стороны мочеполовой системы и прямой кишки, представляя собой высокоэффективный метод радикального лечения больных РПЖ групп высокого и крайне высокого риска рецидива.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the study was to analyze treatment outcomes in prostate cancer patients, who received external radiotherapy combined with high dose rate (HDR) 198Ir brachytherapy boost of 10 Gy in 2 fractions or 15 Gy in 1 fraction. </p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Between July 2012 and June 2017, 98 patients with prostate cancer received radiation therapy at N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology (St-Petersburg, Russia). Intensitymodulated radiation therapy (IMRT) at a total dose of 46–50 Gy was delivered to the prostate, seminal vesicles and regional lymph outflow areas (RTOG, 2009). The patients were then divided into 2 groups. Group I patients (81 patients, 82.7 %) received HDR brachytherpy boost of 10 Gy in 2 fractions, Group II patients (17 patients, 17.3 %) received HDR brachytherpy boost of 15 Gy in 1 fraction. Inclusion criteria were: high or extremely high risk of relapse according to NCCN (2010), no evidence of distant metastases and no evidence of pronounced urinary tract disorders (residual urine volume less than 50 ml, IPSS less than 17 points, maximum urination rate ≥10 ml / sec). Assessment of radiation-induced complications (toxicity) was carried out in accordance with generally accepted RTOG / EORTC (1995) criteria and taking into account the terminological recommendations of CTCAE v 4.0 (2009). </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The median follow-up time was 39.2 [30.7; 48.7] (20.3–69.8) months in Group I and 37.0 [30.9; 47.9] (23.7–50.7) months in Group II. The 3-year disease-free survival rate in the study groups regardless of the boost was 77.1 % (75.9 % in Group I and 77.8 % in group II, p=0.7). The 3-year disease-free survival rates in patients with high and extremely high risk regardless of the radiotherapy regimen were 88.6 % and 70.8 %, respectively (р=0.04). Genitourinary early radiation toxicity and rectal intestinal early radiation toxicity of grade 3 were observed in 13.5% and 12.3 % of Group I patients and in 17.6 and 5.9 % of Group II patients. The most significant late complications were the formation of urethral stricture (1 patient of group I) and postradiation rectal stenosis (1 patient of group II). Evaluation of the level of erectile function in both groups showed a significant decrease in satisfaction with the quality of sexual life, which, apparently, can be explained not only by radiation damage to the structures responsible for hemodynamics of the penis, but also by castration syndrome due to prolonged hormonal deprivation in the vast majority of patients. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The combination of external beam radiation therapy with HDR brachytherapy boost is an effective method of radical treatment of prostate cancer patients with high and extremely high risk of recurrence. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак предстательной железы</kwd><kwd>сочетанная лучевая терапия</kwd><kwd>брахитерапия</kwd><kwd>брахитерапия источником высокой мощности дозы</kwd><kwd>радиотерапия</kwd><kwd>лучевая токсичность</kwd><kwd>осложнения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prostate cancer</kwd><kwd>radiation therapy</kwd><kwd>brachytherapy</kwd><kwd>high dose rate brachytherapy</kwd><kwd>radiation-induced toxicity</kwd><kwd>complications</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohler J., Bahnson R.R., Boston B., Busby J.E., D'Amico A., Eastham J.A., Enke C.A., George D., Horwitz E.M., Huben R.P., Kantoff P., Kawachi M., Kuettel M., Lange P.H., Macvicar G., Plimack E.R., PowSang J.M., Roach M. 3rd, Rohren E., Roth B.J., Shrieve D.C., Smith M.R., Srinivas S., Twardowski P., Walsh P.C. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2010 Feb; 8(2): 162–200. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2010.0012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohler J., Bahnson R.R., Boston B., Busby J.E., D'Amico A., Eastham J.A., Enke C.A., George D., Horwitz E.M., Huben R.P., Kantoff P., Kawachi M., Kuettel M., Lange P.H., Macvicar G., Plimack E.R., PowSang J.M., Roach M. 3rd, Rohren E., Roth B.J., Shrieve D.C., Smith M.R., Srinivas S., Twardowski P., Walsh P.C. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2010 Feb; 8(2): 162–200. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2010.0012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новиков С.Н., Канаев С.В., Новиков Р.В., Ильин Н.Д., Готовчикова М.Ю. Высокодозная брахитерапия рака предстательной железы в режиме реального времени с использованием источника 192‑Ir (особенности дозиметрического планирования). Вопросы онкологии 2015; 61(1): 130–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikov S.N., Kanaev S.V., Novikov R.V., Iliin N.D., Gotovchikova M.Yu. HDR brachytherapy for prostate cancer in real time using 192‑Ir (features of dosimetric planning). Problems in Oncology. 2015; 61(1): 130–6. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новиков С.Н., Канаев С.В., Новиков Р.В., Ильин Н.Д., Готовчикова М.Ю., Гиршович М.М. Клинический опыт использования брахитерапии источниками высокой мощности дозы для монотерапии больных раком предстательной железы. Вопросы онкологии 2018; 64(3): 366–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikov S.N., Kanaev S.V., Novikov R.V., Iliin N.D., Gotovchikova M.Yu., Girshovich M.M. Clinical experience of using brachytherapy with high dose rate sources for monotherapy in prostate cancer patients. Problems in Oncology. 2018; 64(3): 366–73. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lawton C.A., Michalski J., El-Naqa I., Buyyounouski M.K., Lee W.R., Menard C., O'Meara E., Rosenthal S.A., Ritter M., Seider M. RTOG GU Radiation oncology specialists reach consensus on pelvic lymph node volumes for high‑risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jun; 74 (2): 383–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.08.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lawton C.A., Michalski J., El-Naqa I., Buyyounouski M.K., Lee W.R., Menard C., O'Meara E., Rosenthal S.A., Ritter M., Seider M. RTOG GU Radiation oncology specialists reach consensus on pelvic lymph node volumes for high‑risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jun; 74 (2): 383–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.08.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoskin P.J., Colombo A., Henry A., Niehoff P., Paulsen Hellebust T., Siebert F.A., Kovacs G. GEC/ESTRO recommendations on high dose rate afterloading brachytherapy for localised prostate cancer: аn update. Radiother Oncol. 2013 Jun; 107 (3): 325–32. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.05.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoskin P.J., Colombo A., Henry A., Niehoff P., Paulsen Hellebust T., Siebert F.A., Kovacs G. GEC/ESTRO recommendations on high dose rate afterloading brachytherapy for localised prostate cancer: аn update. Radiother Oncol. 2013 Jun; 107 (3): 325–32. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.05.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roach M. 3rd, Hanks G., Thames H. Jr., Schellhammer P., Shipley W.U., Sokol G.H., Sandler H. Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: recommendations of the RTOG‑ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul; 65(4): 965–74. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.04.029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roach M. 3rd, Hanks G., Thames H. Jr., Schellhammer P., Shipley W.U., Sokol  G.H., Sandler H. Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: recommendations of the RTOG‑ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul; 65(4): 965–74. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.04.029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cox J.D., Stetz J., Pajak T.F. Toxicity criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Mar; 31(5): 1341–6. doi: 10.1016/0360‑3016(95)00060‑C.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cox J.D., Stetz J., Pajak T.F. Toxicity criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Mar; 31(5): 1341–6. doi: 10.1016/0360‑3016(95)00060‑C.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Version 4.0. May 28, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Version 4.0. May 28, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roach M.3rd, Marquez C., Yuo H.S., Narayan P., Coleman L., Nseyo U.O., Navvab Z., Carroll P.R. Predicting the risk of lymph node involvement using the pre‑treatment prostate specific antigen and Gleason score in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Jan; 28(1): 33–7. doi: 10.1016/0360‑3016(94)90138‑4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roach M.3rd, Marquez C., Yuo H.S., Narayan P., Coleman L., Nseyo U.O., Navvab Z., Carroll P.R. Predicting the risk of lymph node involvement using the pre‑treatment prostate specific antigen and Gleason score in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Jan; 28(1): 33–7. doi: 10.1016/0360‑3016(94)90138‑4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Briganti A., Larcher A., Abdollah F., Capitanio U., Gallina A., Suardi N., Bianchi M., Sun M., Freschi M., Salonia A., Karakiewicz P.I., Rigatti P., Montorsi F. Updated nomogram predicting lymph node invasion in patients with prostate cancer undergoing extended pelvic lymph node dissection: the essential importance of percentage of positive cores. Eur Urol. 2012 Mar; 61(3): 480–7. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.10.044.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Briganti A., Larcher A., Abdollah F., Capitanio U., Gallina A., Suardi N., Bianchi M., Sun M., Freschi M., Salonia A., Karakiewicz P.I., Rigatti P., Montorsi F. Updated nomogram predicting lymph node invasion in patients with prostate cancer undergoing extended pelvic lymph node dissection: the essential importance of percentage of positive cores. Eur Urol. 2012 Mar; 61(3): 480–7. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.10.044.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asbell S.O., Krall J.M., Pilepich M.V., Baerwald H., Sause W.T., Hanks G.E., Perez C.A. Elective pelvic irradiation in stage A2, B carcinoma of the prostate: analysis of RTOG 77‑06. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Dec; 15(6): 1307–16. doi: 10.1016/0360‑3016(88)90225‑8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asbell S.O., Krall J.M., Pilepich M.V., Baerwald H., Sause W.T., Hanks G.E., Perez C.A. Elective pelvic irradiation in stage A2, B carcinoma of the prostate: analysis of RTOG 77‑06. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Dec; 15(6): 1307–16. doi: 10.1016/0360‑3016(88)90225‑8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zelefsky M.J., Whitmore W.F. Jr, Leibel S.A., Wallner K.E., Fuks Z. The effects of local and regional treatment on the metastatic outcome in prostatic carcinoma with pelvic lymph node involvement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Jan; 28 (1): 7–16. doi: 10.1016/0360‑3016‑(94)90135‑X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zelefsky M.J., Whitmore W.F. Jr, Leibel S.A., Wallner K.E., Fuks Z. The effects of local and regional treatment on the metastatic outcome in prostatic carcinoma with pelvic lymph node involvement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Jan; 28 (1): 7–16. doi: 10.1016/0360‑3016‑(94)90135‑X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pommier P., Chabaud S., Lagrange J.L., Richaud P., Lesaunier F., Le Prise E., Wagner J.P., Hay M.H., Beckendorf V., Suchaud J.P., Pabot du Chatelard P.M., Bernier V., Voirin N., Perol D., Carrie C. Is there a role for pelvic irradiation in localized prostate adenocarcinoma? Preliminary results of GETUG‑01. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec; 25 (34): 5366–73. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.10.5171.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pommier P., Chabaud S., Lagrange J.L., Richaud P., Lesaunier F., Le Prise E., Wagner J.P., Hay M.H., Beckendorf V., Suchaud J.P., Pabot du Chatelard P.M., Bernier V., Voirin N., Perol D., Carrie C. Is there a role for pelvic irradiation in localized prostate adenocarcinoma? Preliminary results of GETUG‑01. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec; 25 (34): 5366–73. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.10.5171.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spratt D.E., Soni P.D., McLaughlin P.W., Merrick G.S., Stock R.G., Blasko J.C., Zelefsky M.J. The American Brachytherapy Society Task Group Report: Combination of brachytherapy and external beam radiation for high‑risk prostate cancer. Brachytherapy. 2017 Jan‑Feb; 16 (1): 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.brachy.2016.09.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spratt D.E., Soni P.D., McLaughlin P.W., Merrick G.S., Stock R.G., Blasko J.C., Zelefsky M.J. The American Brachytherapy Society Task Group Report: Combination of brachytherapy and external beam radiation for high‑risk prostate cancer. Brachytherapy. 2017 Jan‑Feb; 16 (1): 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.brachy.2016.09.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helou J., D'Alimonte L., Loblaw A., Chung H., Cheung P., Szumacher E., Danjoux C., Ravi A., Deabreu A., Zhang L., Morton G. High dose‑rate brachytherapy boost for intermediate risk prostate cancer: Longterm outcomes of two different treatment schedules and early biochemical predictors of success. Radiother Oncol. 2015 Apr; 115 (1): 84–9. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.02.023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helou J., D'Alimonte L., Loblaw A., Chung H., Cheung P., Szumacher E.,  Danjoux C., Ravi A., Deabreu A., Zhang L., Morton G. High dose‑rate brachytherapy boost for intermediate risk prostate cancer: Longterm outcomes of two different treatment schedules and early biochemical predictors of success. Radiother Oncol. 2015 Apr; 115 (1): 84–9. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.02.023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lauche O., Delouya G., Taussky D., Menard C., Béliveau-Nadeau D., Hervieux Y., Larouche R., Barkati M. Single‑fraction high‑dose‑rate brachytherapy using real‑time transrectal ultrasound based planning in combination with external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: dosimetrics and early clinical results. J Contemp Brachytherapy. 2016 Apr; 8 (2): 104–9. doi: 10.5114/jcb.2016.59216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lauche O., Delouya G., Taussky D., Menard C., Béliveau-Nadeau D., Hervieux Y., Larouche R., Barkati M. Single‑fraction high‑dose‑rate brachytherapy using real‑time transrectal ultrasound based planning in combination with external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: dosimetrics and early clinical results. J Contemp Brachytherapy. 2016 Apr; 8 (2): 104–9. doi: 10.5114/jcb.2016.59216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morton G.C. High‑dose‑rate brachytherapy boost for prostate cancer: rationale and technique. J Contemp Brachyther. 2014 Oct; 6 (3): 323–30. doi: 10.5114/jcb.2014.45759.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morton G.C. High‑dose‑rate brachytherapy boost for prostate cancer: rationale and technique. J Contemp Brachyther. 2014 Oct; 6 (3): 323–30. doi: 10.5114/jcb.2014.45759.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Bari B., Daidone A., Alongi F. Is high dose rate brachytherapy reliable and effective treatment for prostate cancer patients? A review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2015 Jun; 94(3): 360–70. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.02.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Bari B., Daidone A., Alongi F. Is high dose rate brachytherapy reliable and effective treatment for prostate cancer patients? A review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2015 Jun; 94(3): 360–70. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.02.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spratt D.E., Zumsteg Z.S., Ghadjar P., Kollmeier M.A., Pei X., Cohen G., Polkinghorn W., Yamada Y., Zelefsky M.J. Comparison of high‑dose (86.4 Gy) IMRT vs combined brachytherapy plus IMRT for intermediate‑risk prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2014 Sep; 114 (3): 360–7. doi: 10.1111/bju.12514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spratt D.E., Zumsteg Z.S., Ghadjar P., Kollmeier M.A., Pei X., Cohen G., Polkinghorn W., Yamada Y., Zelefsky M.J. Comparison of high‑dose (86.4 Gy) IMRT vs combined brachytherapy plus IMRT for intermediate‑risk prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2014 Sep; 114 (3): 360–7. doi: 10.1111/bju.12514.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liss A.L., Abu-Isa E.I., Jawad M.S., Feng F.Y., Vance S.M., Winfield R.J., Narayana V., Sandler H.M., McLaughlin P.W., Hamstra D.A. Combination therapy improves prostate cancer survival for patients with potentially lethal prostate cancer: the impact of Gleason pattern 5. Brachytherapy. 2015 Jul‑Aug; 14(4): 502–10. doi: 10.1016/j.brachy.2015.02.389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liss A.L., Abu-Isa E.I., Jawad M.S., Feng F.Y., Vance S.M., Winfield R.J., Narayana V., Sandler H.M., McLaughlin P.W., Hamstra D.A. Combination therapy improves prostate cancer survival for patients with potentially lethal prostate cancer: the impact of Gleason pattern 5. Brachytherapy. 2015 Jul‑Aug; 14(4): 502–10. doi: 10.1016/j.brachy.2015.02.389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kishan A.U., Shaikh T., Wang P.C., Reiter R.E., Said J., Raghavan G., Nickols N.G., Aronson W.J., Sadeghi A., Kamrava M., Demanes D.J., Steinberg M.L., Horwitz E.M., Kupelian P.A., King C.R. Clinical outcomes for patients with Gleason score 9‑10 рrostate adenocarcinoma treated with radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy: a multiinstitutional comparative analysis. Eur Urol. 2017 May; 71(5): 766–773. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kishan A.U., Shaikh T., Wang P.C., Reiter R.E., Said J., Raghavan G., Nickols N.G., Aronson W.J., Sadeghi A., Kamrava M., Demanes D.J., Steinberg M.L., Horwitz E.M., Kupelian P.A., King C.R. Clinical outcomes for patients with Gleason score 9‑10 рrostate adenocarcinoma treated with radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy: a multiinstitutional comparative analysis. Eur Urol. 2017 May; 71(5): 766–773. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sathya J.R., Davis I.R., Julian J.A., Guo Q., Daya D., Dayes I.S., Lukka H.R., Levine M. Randomized trial comparing iridium implant plus external‑beam radiation therapy with external‑beam radiation therapy alone in node‑negative locally advanced cancer of the prostate. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb; 23(6): 1192–9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.06.154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sathya J.R., Davis I.R., Julian J.A., Guo Q., Daya D., Dayes I.S., Lukka H.R., Levine M. Randomized trial comparing iridium implant plus external‑beam radiation therapy with external‑beam radiation therapy alone in node‑negative locally advanced cancer of the prostate. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb; 23(6): 1192–9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.06.154.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoskin P.J., Rojas A.M., Bownes P.J., Lowe G.J., Ostler P.J., Bryant L. Randomised trial of external beam radiotherapy alone or combined with high‑dose‑rate brachytherapy boost for localised prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2012 May; 103(2): 217–22. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.01.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoskin P.J., Rojas A.M., Bownes P.J., Lowe G.J., Ostler P.J., Bryant L. Randomised trial of external beam radiotherapy alone or combined with high‑dose‑rate brachytherapy boost for localised prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2012 May; 103(2): 217–22. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.01.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morris W.J., Tyldesley S., Rodda S., Halperin R., Pai H., McKenzie M., Duncan G., Morton G., Hamm J., Murray N. Androgen Suppression Combined with Elective Nodal and Dose Escalated Radiation Therapy (the ASCENDE‑RT Trial): an analysis of survival endpoints for a randomized trial comparing a low‑dose‑rate brachytherapy boost to a dose‑escalated external beam boost for high‑ and intermediate‑risk prostate сancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017 Jun; 98(2): 275–285. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.11.026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morris W.J., Tyldesley S., Rodda S., Halperin R., Pai H., McKenzie M., Duncan G., Morton G., Hamm J., Murray N. Androgen Suppression Combined with Elective Nodal and Dose Escalated Radiation Therapy (the ASCENDE‑RT Trial): an analysis of survival endpoints for a randomized trial comparing a low‑dose‑rate brachytherapy boost to a dose‑escalated external beam boost for high‑ and intermediate‑risk prostate сancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017 Jun; 98(2): 275–285. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.11.026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marshall R.A., Buckstein M., Stone N.N., Stock R. Treatment outcomes and morbidity following definitive brachytherapy with or without external beam radiation for the treatment of localized prostate cancer: 20‑year experience at Mount Sinai Medical Center. Urol Oncol. 2014 Jan; 32(1): 38.e1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.03.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall R.A., Buckstein M., Stone N.N., Stock R. Treatment outcomes and morbidity following definitive brachytherapy with or without external beam radiation for the treatment of localized prostate cancer: 20‑year experience at Mount Sinai Medical Center. Urol Oncol. 2014 Jan; 32(1): 38.e1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.03.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
