<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oncotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский онкологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian journal of oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1814-4861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2312-3168</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21294/1814-4861-2021-20-5-123-137</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">oncotomsk-1926</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>НЕОАДЪЮВАНТНАЯ ЛУЧЕВАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ В СТРАТЕГИИ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ РАКА ПРЯМОЙ КИШКИ С СИНХРОННЫМ МЕТАСТАТИЧЕСКИМ ПОРАЖЕНИЕМ ПЕЧЕНИ. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>NEOADJUVANT RADIATION THERAPY FOR RECTAL CANCER WITH SYNCHRONOUS LIVER METASTASES (LITERATURE REVIEW)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Почуев</surname><given-names>Т. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pochuev</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения лучевого и хирургическоголечения заболеваний абдоминальной области,</p><p>249031, г. Обнинск, ул. Маршала Жукова, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Senior Researcher, Department of Radiation and Surgery for Abdominal Diseases,</p><p>10, Marshal Zhukov Street, 249031, Obninsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Невольских</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nevolskikh</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заместитель директора по лечебной работе,</p><p>249031, г. Обнинск, ул. Маршала Жукова, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, DSс, Deputy Director, </p><p>10, Marshal Zhukov Street, 249031, Obninsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>Л. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>L. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий отделением лучевого и хирургического лечения заболеванийабдоминальной области, </p><p>249031, г. Обнинск, ул. Маршала Жукова, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Department of Radiation and Surgery for Abdominal Diseases, </p><p>10, Marshal Zhukov Street, 249031, Obninsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титова</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Titova</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, врач отделения протонной и фотонной терапии, </p><p>249031, г. Обнинск, ул. Маршала Жукова, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Department of Proton and Photon Therapy,</p><p>10, Marshal Zhukov Street, 249031, Obninsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник отделения лучевого и хирургического лечения заболеваний абдоминальной области,</p><p>249031, г. Обнинск, ул. Маршала Жукова, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Researcher, Department of Radiation and Surgery for Abdominal Diseases,</p><p>10, Marshal Zhukov Street, 249031, Obninsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.F. Tsyba Medical Radiological Research Center – branch of the National Medical Research Center of Radiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Почуев Т.П., Невольских А.А., Петров Л.О., Титова Л.Н., Карпов А.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Почуев Т.П., Невольских А.А., Петров Л.О., Титова Л.Н., Карпов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pochuev T.P., Nevolskikh A.A., Petrov L.O., Titova L.N., Karpov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/1926">https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/1926</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В России примерно у 6 200 больных ежегодно выявляются синхронные отдаленные метастазы и у 4 000 больных – синхронное метастатическое поражение печени. Пациенты с раком прямой кишки с синхронным поражением печени – достаточно многочисленная группа, при планировании лечения которой необходимо учитывать локализацию, распространенность первичной опухоли, осложнения, связанные с ней, а также резектабельность метастатического поражения. В алгоритме лечения этих больных использование лучевой терапии расширяет возможности онкологической помощи и указывает на актуальность и сложность рассматриваемого вопроса.</p><p>Целью исследования явился анализ результатов исследований, которые были направлены на поиск наиболее эффективных методов лечения больных раком прямой кишки с синхронными метастазами в печень при использовании лучевой терапии на область первичной опухоли.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В обзор включены данные ретроспективных и проспективных исследований, проведен анализ ранее выполненных обзоров, а также отечественных и зарубежных клинических рекомендаций.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Подавляющее большинство экспертов сходятся во мнении о необходимости предоперационной лучевой терапии на область первичного очага, особенно при локализации опухоли в нижне- и среднеампулярном отделе прямой кишки. Однако рандомизированных исследований с репрезентативным количеством больных, подтверждающих или опровергающих эту точку зрения, еще нет. Увеличение продолжительности жизни больных в связи с совершенствованием лекарственной терапии, внедрением современных малоинвазивных технологий сделало актуальным вопрос о необходимости радикального лечения первичного очага. Таким образом, подходы к лечению первичной опухоли с синхронным метастатическим поражением печени должны быть такими же, как и при II–III стадии заболевания, неоадъювантная лучевая терапия является неотъемлемой частью этой стратегии. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. In Russia, synchronous distant metastases are annually detected in approximately 6,200 patients and synchronous liver metastases in 4,000 patients. To plan treatment for rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases, it is necessary to consider the location of the tumor, extent of the primary tumor involvement, tumor-related complications, and resectability of metastases.</p><p>The purpose of this review was to analyze the results of studies aimed at finding the best regimens for treating rectal cancer patients with synchronous liver metastases.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. The review includes both retrospective and prospective studies devoted to treatment of rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases. Previous reviews and clinical recommendations were analyzed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Most oncologists are in favor of preoperative radiotherapy, especially when rectal cancer is located in the lower-and middle-ampullary regions. However, there are no randomized trials with a representative number of patients to confirm or refute this point of view. Due to the increased life expectancy of patients and introduction of modern minimally invasive surgical approaches, there is an urgent need for radical treatment of rectal cancer patients. Thus, the approaches to the treatment of primary tumors with synchronous metastatic liver damage should be the same as in stage II–III of the disease, and neoadjuvant radiation therapy is an integral part of this strategy. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метастатический рак прямой кишки</kwd><kwd>синхронные метастазы в печень</kwd><kwd>лучевая терапия</kwd><kwd>стратегия лечения.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>метастатический рак прямой кишки</kwd><kwd>синхронные метастазы в печень</kwd><kwd>лучевая терапия</kwd><kwd>стратегия лечения</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Петрова Г.В. Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2018 году (заболеваемость и смертность). М., 2019. 250 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaprin A.D., Starinsky V.V., Petrova G.V. Malignant neoplasms in Russia in 2018 (morbidity and mortality). Moscow, 2019. 250 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bray F., Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Siegel R.L., Torre L.A., Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Nov; 68(6): 394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bray F., Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Siegel R.L., Torre L.A., Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Nov; 68(6): 394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van der Geest L.G., Lam-Boer J., Koopman M., Verhoef C., Elferink M.A., de Wilt J.H. Nationwide trends in incidence, treatment and survival of colorectal cancer patients with synchronous metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2015 Jun; 32(5): 457–65. doi: 10.1007/s10585-015-9719-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van der Geest L.G., Lam-Boer J., Koopman M., Verhoef C., Elferink M.A., de Wilt J.H. Nationwide trends in incidence, treatment and survival of colorectal cancer patients with synchronous metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2015 Jun; 32(5): 457–65. doi: 10.1007/s10585-015-9719-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engstrand J., Nilsson H., Strömberg C., Jonas E., Freedman J. Colorectal cancer liver metastases – a population-based study on incidence, management and survival. BMC Cancer. 2018; 18(1): 78. doi: 10.1186/s12885-017-3925-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engstrand J., Nilsson H., Strömberg C., Jonas E., Freedman J. Colorectal cancer liver metastases – a population-based study on incidence, management and survival. BMC Cancer. 2018; 18(1): 78. doi: 10.1186/s12885-017-3925-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adam R., De Gramont A., Figueras J., Guthrie A., Kokudo N., Kunstlinger F., Loyer E., Poston G., Rougier P., Rubbia-Brandt L., Sobrero A., Tabernero J., Teh C., Van Cutsem E.; Jean-Nicolas Vauthey of the EGOSLIM (Expert Group on OncoSurgery management of LIver Metastases) group. The oncosurgery approach to managing liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a multidisciplinary international consensus. Oncologist. 2012; 17(10): 1225–39. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adam R., De Gramont A., Figueras J., Guthrie A., Kokudo N., Kunstlinger F., Loyer E., Poston G., Rougier P., Rubbia-Brandt L., Sobrero A., Tabernero J., Teh C., Van Cutsem E.; Jean-Nicolas Vauthey of the EGOSLIM (Expert Group on OncoSurgery management of LIver Metastases) group. The oncosurgery approach to managing liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a multidisciplinary international consensus. Oncologist. 2012; 17(10): 1225–39. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruers T., Punt C., Van Coevorden F., Pierie JPEN, Borel-Rinkes I., Ledermann J.A., Poston G., Bechstein W., Lentz M.A., Mauer M., Van Cutsem E., Lutz M.P., Nordlinger B.; EORTC Gastro-Intestinal Tract Cancer Group; Arbeitsgruppe Lebermetastasen und—tumoren in der Chirurgischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Onkologie (ALM-CAO) and the National Cancer Research Institute Colorectal Clinical Study Group (NCRI CCSG). Radiofrequency ablation combined with systemic treatment versus systemic treatment alone in patients with non-resectable colorectal liver metastases: a randomized EORTC Intergroup phase II study (EORTC 40004). Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct; 23(10): 2619–2626. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruers T., Punt C., Van Coevorden F., Pierie JPEN, Borel-Rinkes I., Ledermann J.A., Poston G., Bechstein W., Lentz M.A., Mauer M., Van Cutsem E., Lutz M.P., Nordlinger B.; EORTC Gastro-Intestinal Tract Cancer Group; Arbeitsgruppe Lebermetastasen und—tumoren in der Chirurgischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Onkologie (ALM-CAO) and the National Cancer Research Institute Colorectal Clinical Study Group (NCRI CCSG). Radiofrequency ablation combined with systemic treatment versus systemic treatment alone in patients with non-resectable colorectal liver metastases: a randomized EORTC Intergroup phase II study (EORTC 40004). Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct; 23(10): 2619–2626. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds053.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adam R., Frilling A., Elias D., Laurent C., Ramos E., Capussotti L., De Haas R. J. Liver resection of colorectal metastases in elderly patients. Br J Surg. 2010; 97(3): 366–376. 8. Ghiringhelli F., Hennequin A., Drouillard A., Lepage C., Faivre J., Bouvier A.M. Epidemiology and prognosis of synchronous and metachronous colon cancer metastases: a French population-based study. Dig Liver Dis. 2014 Sep; 46(9): 854–8. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.05.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adam R., Frilling A., Elias D., Laurent C., Ramos E., Capussotti L., De Haas R. J. Liver resection of colorectal metastases in elderly patients. Br J Surg. 2010; 97(3): 366–376. 8. Ghiringhelli F., Hennequin A., Drouillard A., Lepage C., Faivre J., Bouvier A.M. Epidemiology and prognosis of synchronous and metachronous colon cancer metastases: a French population-based study. Dig Liver Dis. 2014 Sep; 46(9): 854–8. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.05.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gatta G., Capocaccia R., Sant M., Bell C.M., Coebergh J.W., Damhuis R.A., Faivre J., Martinez-Garcia C., Pawlega J., Ponz de Leon M., Pottier D., Raverdy N., Williams E.M., Berrino F. Understanding variations in survival for colorectal cancer in Europe: a EUROCARE high resolution study. Gut. 2000 Oct; 47(4): 533–8. doi: 10.1136/gut.47.4.533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gatta G., Capocaccia R., Sant M., Bell C.M., Coebergh J.W., Damhuis R.A., Faivre J., Martinez-Garcia C., Pawlega J., Ponz de Leon M., Pottier D., Raverdy N., Williams E.M., Berrino F. Understanding variations in survival for colorectal cancer in Europe: a EUROCARE high resolution study. Gut. 2000 Oct; 47(4): 533–8. doi: 10.1136/gut.47.4.533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phelip J.M., Grosclaude P., Launoy G., Colonna M., Danzon A., Velten M., Tretarre B., Bouvier A.M., Faivre J. Are there regional differences in the management of colon cancer in France? Eur J Cancer Prev. 2005 Feb; 14(1): 31–7. doi: 10.1097/00008469-200502000-00005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phelip J.M., Grosclaude P., Launoy G., Colonna M., Danzon A., Velten M., Tretarre B., Bouvier A.M., Faivre J. Are there regional differences in the management of colon cancer in France? Eur J Cancer Prev. 2005 Feb; 14(1): 31–7. doi: 10.1097/00008469-200502000-00005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manfredi S., Lepage C., Hatem C., Coatmeur O., Faivre J., Bouvier A.M. Epidemiology and management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2006 Aug; 244(2): 254–9. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000217629.94941.cf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manfredi S., Lepage C., Hatem C., Coatmeur O., Faivre J., Bouvier A.M. Epidemiology and management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2006 Aug; 244(2): 254–9. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000217629.94941.cf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norén A., Eriksson H.G., Olsson L.I. Selection for surgery and survival of synchronous colorectal liver metastases; a nationwide study. Eur J Cancer. 2016 Jan; 53: 105–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.10.055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norén A., Eriksson H.G., Olsson L.I. Selection for surgery and survival of synchronous colorectal liver metastases; a nationwide study. Eur J Cancer. 2016 Jan; 53: 105–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.10.055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mantke R., Schmidt U., Wolff S., Kube R., Lippert H. Incidence of synchronous liver metastases in patients with colorectal cancer in relationship to clinico-pathologic characteristics. Results of a German prospective multicentre observational study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012 Mar; 38(3): 259–65. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2011.12.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mantke R., Schmidt U., Wolff S., Kube R., Lippert H. Incidence of synchronous liver metastases in patients with colorectal cancer in relationship to clinico-pathologic characteristics. Results of a German prospective multicentre observational study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012 Mar; 38(3): 259–65. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2011.12.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly M.E., Spolverato G., Lê G.N., Mavros M.N., Doyle F., Pawlik T.M., Winter D.C. Synchronous colorectal liver metastasis: a network meta-analysis review comparing classical, combined, and liverfirst surgical strategies. J Surg Oncol. 2015 Mar; 111(3): 341–51. doi: 10.1002/jso.23819.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly M.E., Spolverato G., Lê G.N., Mavros M.N., Doyle F., Pawlik T.M., Winter D.C. Synchronous colorectal liver metastasis: a network meta-analysis review comparing classical, combined, and liverfirst surgical strategies. J Surg Oncol. 2015 Mar; 111(3): 341–51. doi: 10.1002/jso.23819.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsoulfas G., Pramateftakis M.G. Management of rectal cancer and liver metastatic disease: which comes first? Int J Surg Oncol. 2012; 2012: 196908. doi: 10.1155/2012/196908.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsoulfas G., Pramateftakis M.G. Management of rectal cancer and liver metastatic disease: which comes first? Int J Surg Oncol. 2012; 2012: 196908. doi: 10.1155/2012/196908.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambert L.A., Colacchio T.A., Barth R.J.Jr. Interval hepatic resection of colorectal metastases improves patient selection. Arch Surg. 2000 Apr; 135(4): 473–9; discussion 479–80. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.135.4.473.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambert L.A., Colacchio T.A., Barth R.J.Jr. Interval hepatic resection of colorectal metastases improves patient selection. Arch Surg. 2000 Apr; 135(4): 473–9; discussion 479–80. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.135.4.473.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheele J. Hepatectomy for liver metastases. Br J Surg. 1993; 80(3): 274–276.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheele J. Hepatectomy for liver metastases. Br J Surg. 1993; 80(3): 274–276.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capussotti L., Vigano’ L., Ferrero A., Lo Tesoriere R., Ribero D., Polastri R. Timing of resection of liver metastases synchronous to colorectal tumor: proposal of prognosis-based decisional model. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007 Mar; 14(3): 1143–50. doi: 10.1245/s10434-006-9284-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capussotti L., Vigano’ L., Ferrero A., Lo Tesoriere R., Ribero D., Polastri R. Timing of resection of liver metastases synchronous to colorectal tumor: proposal of prognosis-based decisional model. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007 Mar; 14(3): 1143–50. doi: 10.1245/s10434-006-9284-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee W.S., Kim M.J., Yun S.H., Chun H.K., Lee W.Y., Kim S.J., Choi S.H., Heo J.S., Joh J.W., Kim Y.I. Risk factor stratification after simultaneous liver and colorectal resection for synchronous colorectal metastasis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008 Jan; 393(1): 13–9. doi: 10.1007/s00423-007-0231-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee W.S., Kim M.J., Yun S.H., Chun H.K., Lee W.Y., Kim S.J., Choi S.H., Heo J.S., Joh J.W., Kim Y.I. Risk factor stratification after simultaneous liver and colorectal resection for synchronous colorectal metastasis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008 Jan; 393(1): 13–9. doi: 10.1007/s00423-007-0231-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boostrom S.Y., Vassiliki L.T., Nagorney D.M., Wolff B.G., Chua H.K., Harmsen S., Larson D.W. Synchronous rectal and hepatic resection of rectal metastatic disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011; 15(9): 1583–8. doi: 10.1007/s11605-011-1604-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boostrom S.Y., Vassiliki L.T., Nagorney D.M., Wolff B.G., Chua H.K., Harmsen S., Larson D.W. Synchronous rectal and hepatic resection of rectal metastatic disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011; 15(9): 1583–8. doi: 10.1007/s11605-011-1604-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mentha G., Majno P.E., Andres A., Rubbia-Brandt L., Morel P., Roth A.D. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and resection of advanced synchronous liver metastases before treatment of the colorectal primary. Br J Surg. 2006; (93): 872–878. doi: 10.1002/bjs.5346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mentha G., Majno P.E., Andres A., Rubbia-Brandt L., Morel P., Roth A.D. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and resection of advanced synchronous liver metastases before treatment of the colorectal primary. Br J Surg. 2006; (93): 872–878. doi: 10.1002/bjs.5346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Rosa A., Gomez D., Hossaini S., Duke K., Fenwick S.W., Brooks A., Poston G.J., Malik H.Z., Cameron I.C. Stage IV colorectal cancer: outcomes following the liver-first approach. J Surg Oncol. 2013 Dec; 108(7): 444–9. doi: 10.1002/jso.23429.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Rosa A., Gomez D., Hossaini S., Duke K., Fenwick S.W., Brooks A., Poston G.J., Malik H.Z., Cameron I.C. Stage IV colorectal cancer: outcomes following the liver-first approach. J Surg Oncol. 2013 Dec; 108(7): 444–9. doi: 10.1002/jso.23429.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lam V.W., Laurence J.M., Pang T., Johnston E., Hollands M.J., Pleass H.C., Richardson A.J. A systematic review of a liver-first approach in patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous colorectal liver metastases. HPB (Oxford). 2014 Feb; 16(2): 101–8. doi: 10.1111/hpb.12083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lam V.W., Laurence J.M., Pang T., Johnston E., Hollands M.J., Pleass H.C., Richardson A.J. A systematic review of a liver-first approach in patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous colorectal liver metastases. HPB (Oxford). 2014 Feb; 16(2): 101–8. doi: 10.1111/hpb.12083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waisberg J., Ivankovics I.G. Liver-first approach of colorectal cancer with synchronous hepatic metastases: A reverse strategy. World J Hepatol. 2015 Jun; 7(11): 1444–9. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i11.1444.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waisberg J., Ivankovics I.G. Liver-first approach of colorectal cancer with synchronous hepatic metastases: A reverse strategy. World J Hepatol. 2015 Jun; 7(11): 1444–9. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i11.1444.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mentha G., Roth A.D., Terraz S., Giostra E., Gervaz P., Andres A., Morel P., Rubbia-Brandt L., Majno P.E. ‘Liver first’ approach in the treatment of colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases. Dig Surg. 2008; 25(6): 430–5. doi: 10.1159/000184734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mentha G., Roth A.D., Terraz S., Giostra E., Gervaz P., Andres A., Morel P., Rubbia-Brandt L., Majno P.E. ‘Liver first’ approach in the treatment of colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases. Dig Surg. 2008; 25(6): 430–5. doi: 10.1159/000184734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Damjanov N., Weiss J., Haller D.G. Resection of the primary colorectal cancer is not necessary in nonobstructed patients with metastatic disease. Oncologist. 2009 Oct; 14(10): 963–9. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Damjanov N., Weiss J., Haller D.G. Resection of the primary colorectal cancer is not necessary in nonobstructed patients with metastatic disease. Oncologist. 2009 Oct; 14(10): 963–9. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eisenberger A., Whelan R.L., Neugut A.I. Survival and symptomatic benefit from palliative primary tumor resection in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a review. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jun; 23(6): 559–68. doi: 10.1007/s00384-008-0456-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eisenberger A., Whelan R.L., Neugut A.I. Survival and symptomatic benefit from palliative primary tumor resection in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a review. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jun; 23(6): 559–68. doi: 10.1007/s00384-008-0456-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thornton L., Reader H., Stojkovic S., Allgar V., Woodcock N. Has the ‘Fast-Track’ referral system affected the route of presentation and/or clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer? World J Surg Oncol. 2016 Jun 8; 14(1): 158. doi: 10.1186/s12957-016-0911-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thornton L., Reader H., Stojkovic S., Allgar V., Woodcock N. Has the ‘Fast-Track’ referral system affected the route of presentation and/or clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer? World J Surg Oncol. 2016 Jun 8; 14(1): 158. doi: 10.1186/s12957-016-0911-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NCCN Guidelines Version 3. 2019. Rectal Cancer [Internet]. URL: www.nccn.org (cited 07.04.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NCCN Guidelines Version 3. 2019. Rectal Cancer [Internet]. URL: www.nccn.org (cited 07.04.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy E., Vella E.T., Blair Macdonald D., Wong C.S., McLeod R.; Cancer Care Ontario Preoperative Assessment for Rectal Cancer Guideline Development Group. Optimisation of preoperative assessment in patients diagnosed with rectal cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2015 Apr; 27(4): 225–45. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2015.01.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy E., Vella E.T., Blair Macdonald D., Wong C.S., McLeod R.; Cancer Care Ontario Preoperative Assessment for Rectal Cancer Guideline Development Group. Optimisation of preoperative assessment in patients diagnosed with rectal cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2015 Apr; 27(4): 225–45. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2015.01.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deng Y., Chi P., Lan P., Wang L., Chen W., Cui L., Chen D., Cao J., Wei H., Peng X., Huang Z., Cai G., Zhao R., Huang Z., Xu L., Zhou H., Wei Y., Zhang H., Zheng J., Huang Y., Zhou Z., Cai Y., Kang L., Huang M., Peng J., Ren D., Wang J. Modified FOLFOX6 With or Without Radiation Versus Fluorouracil and Leucovorin With Radiation in Neoadjuvant Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Initial Results of the Chinese FOWARC Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Three-Arm Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 20; 34(27): 3300–7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.66.6198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deng Y., Chi P., Lan P., Wang L., Chen W., Cui L., Chen D., Cao J., Wei H., Peng X., Huang Z., Cai G., Zhao R., Huang Z., Xu L., Zhou H., Wei Y., Zhang H., Zheng J., Huang Y., Zhou Z., Cai Y., Kang L., Huang M., Peng J., Ren D., Wang J. Modified FOLFOX6 With or Without Radiation Versus Fluorouracil and Leucovorin With Radiation in Neoadjuvant Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Initial Results of the Chinese FOWARC Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Three-Arm Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 20; 34(27): 3300–7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.66.6198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erlandsson J., Holm T., Pettersson D., Berglund Å., Cedermark B., Radu C., Johansson H., Machado M., Hjern F., Hallböök O., Syk I., Glimelius B., Martling A. Optimal fractionation of preoperative radiotherapy and timing to surgery for rectal cancer (Stockholm III): a multicentre, randomised, non-blinded, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Mar; 18(3): 336–346. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30086-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erlandsson J., Holm T., Pettersson D., Berglund Å., Cedermark B., Radu C., Johansson H., Machado M., Hjern F., Hallböök O., Syk I., Glimelius B., Martling A. Optimal fractionation of preoperative radiotherapy and timing to surgery for rectal cancer (Stockholm III): a multicentre, randomised, non-blinded, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Mar; 18(3): 336–346. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30086-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Latkauskas T., Pauzas H., Gineikiene I., Janciauskiene R., Juozaityte E., Saladzinskas Z., Tamelis A., Pavalkis D. Initial results of a randomized controlled trial comparing clinical and pathological downstaging of rectal cancer after preoperative short-course radiotherapy or long-term chemoradiotherapy, both with delayed surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2012 Mar; 14(3): 294–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02815.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Latkauskas T., Pauzas H., Gineikiene I., Janciauskiene R., Juozaityte E., Saladzinskas Z., Tamelis A., Pavalkis D. Initial results of a randomized controlled trial comparing clinical and pathological downstaging of rectal cancer after preoperative short-course radiotherapy or long-term chemoradiotherapy, both with delayed surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2012 Mar; 14(3): 294–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02815.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun Z., Adam M.A., Kim J., Shenoi M., Migaly J., Mantyh C.R. Optimal Timing to Surgery after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2016 Apr; 222(4): 367–74. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun Z., Adam M.A., Kim J., Shenoi M., Migaly J., Mantyh C.R. Optimal Timing to Surgery after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2016 Apr; 222(4): 367–74. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ciseł B., Pietrzak L., Michalski W., Wyrwicz L., Rutkowski A., Kosakowska E., Cencelewicz A., Spałek M., Polkowski W., Jankiewicz M., Styliński R., Bębenek M., Kapturkiewicz B., Maciejczyk A., Sadowski J., Zygulska J., Zegarski W., Jankowski M., Las-Jankowska M., Toczko Z., Żelazowska-Omiotek U., Kępka L., Socha J., Wasilewska-Tesluk E., Markiewicz W., Kładny J., Majewski A., Kapuściński W., Suwiński R., Bujko K.; Polish Colorectal Study Group. Long-course preoperative chemoradiation versus 5 × 5 Gy and consolidation chemotherapy for clinical T4 and fixed clinical T3 rectal cancer: long-term results of the randomized Polish II study. Ann Oncol. 2019 Aug 1; 30(8): 1298–1303. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ciseł B., Pietrzak L., Michalski W., Wyrwicz L., Rutkowski A., Kosakowska E., Cencelewicz A., Spałek M., Polkowski W., Jankiewicz M., Styliński R., Bębenek M., Kapturkiewicz B., Maciejczyk A., Sadowski J., Zygulska J., Zegarski W., Jankowski M., Las-Jankowska M., Toczko Z., Żelazowska-Omiotek U., Kępka L., Socha J., Wasilewska-Tesluk E., Markiewicz W., Kładny J., Majewski A., Kapuściński W., Suwiński R., Bujko K.; Polish Colorectal Study Group. Long-course preoperative chemoradiation versus 5 × 5 Gy and consolidation chemotherapy for clinical T4 and fixed clinical T3 rectal cancer: long-term results of the randomized Polish II study. Ann Oncol. 2019 Aug 1; 30(8): 1298–1303. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kapiteijn E., Marijnen C.A., Nagtegaal I.D., Putter H., Steup W.H., Wiggers T., Rutten H.J., Pahlman L., Glimelius B., van Krieken J.H., Leer J.W., van de Velde C.J.; Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 30; 345(9): 638–46. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010580.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapiteijn E., Marijnen C.A., Nagtegaal I.D., Putter H., Steup W.H., Wiggers T., Rutten H.J., Pahlman L., Glimelius B., van Krieken J.H., Leer J.W., van de Velde C.J.; Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 30; 345(9): 638–46. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010580.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peeters K.C., Marijnen C.A., Nagtegaal I.D., Kranenbarg E.K., Putter H., Wiggers T., Rutten H., Pahlman L., Glimelius B., Leer J.W., van de Velde C.J.; Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2007 Nov; 246(5): 693–701. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000257358.56863.ce.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peeters K.C., Marijnen C.A., Nagtegaal I.D., Kranenbarg E.K., Putter H., Wiggers T., Rutten H., Pahlman L., Glimelius B., Leer J.W., van de Velde C.J.; Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2007 Nov; 246(5): 693–701. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000257358.56863.ce.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cameron M.G., Kersten C., Vistad I., Fosså S., Guren M.G. Palliative pelvic radiotherapy of symptomatic incurable rectal cancer - a systematic review. Acta Oncol. 2014 Feb; 53(2): 164–73. doi: 10.3109/0284186X.2013.837582.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cameron M.G., Kersten C., Vistad I., Fosså S., Guren M.G. Palliative pelvic radiotherapy of symptomatic incurable rectal cancer - a systematic review. Acta Oncol. 2014 Feb; 53(2): 164–73. doi: 10.3109/0284186X.2013.837582.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tyc-Szczepaniak D., Wyrwicz L., Kepka L., Michalski W., OlszynaSerementa M., Palucki J., Pietrzak L., Rutkowski A., Bujko K. Palliative radiotherapy and chemotherapy instead of surgery in symptomatic rectal cancer with synchronous unresectable metastases: a phase II study. Ann Oncol. 2013 Nov; 24(11): 2829–34. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdt363.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyc-Szczepaniak D., Wyrwicz L., Kepka L., Michalski W., OlszynaSerementa M., Palucki J., Pietrzak L., Rutkowski A., Bujko K. Palliative radiotherapy and chemotherapy instead of surgery in symptomatic rectal cancer with synchronous unresectable metastases: a phase II study. Ann Oncol. 2013 Nov; 24(11): 2829–34. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdt363.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chow E., Zeng L., Salvo N., Dennis K., Tsao M., Lutz S. Update on the systematic review of palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2012; 24(2): 112–24. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2011.11.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chow E., Zeng L., Salvo N., Dennis K., Tsao M., Lutz S. Update on the systematic review of palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2012; 24(2): 112–24. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2011.11.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lutz S.T., Chow E.L., Hartsell W.F., Konski A.A. A review of hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy. Cancer. 2007; 109(8): 1462–70. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lutz S.T., Chow E.L., Hartsell W.F., Konski A.A. A review of hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy. Cancer. 2007; 109(8): 1462–70. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ekberg H., Tranberg K.G., Andersson R., Lundstedt C., Hägerstrand I., Ranstam J., Bengmark S. Determinants of survival in liver resection for colorectal secondaries. Br J Surg. 1986; 73(9): 727–31. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800730917.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ekberg H., Tranberg K.G., Andersson R., Lundstedt C., Hägerstrand I., Ranstam J., Bengmark S. Determinants of survival in liver resection for colorectal secondaries. Br J Surg. 1986; 73(9): 727–31. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800730917.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamady Z.Z., Lodge J.P., Welsh F.K., Toogood G.J., White A., John T., Rees M. One-millimeter cancer-free margin is curative for colorectal liver metastases: a propensity score case-match approach. Ann Surg. 2014 Mar; 259(3): 543–8. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182902b6e.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamady Z.Z., Lodge J.P., Welsh F.K., Toogood G.J., White A., John T., Rees M. One-millimeter cancer-free margin is curative for colorectal liver metastases: a propensity score case-match approach. Ann Surg. 2014 Mar; 259(3): 543–8. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182902b6e.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wakai T., Shirai Y., Sakata J., Valera V.A., Korita P.V., Akazawa K., Ajioka Y., Hatakeyama K. Appraisal of 1 cm hepatectomy margins for intrahepatic micrometastases in patients with colorectal carcinoma liver metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008 Sep; 15(9): 2472–81. doi: 10.1245/s10434-008-0023-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wakai T., Shirai Y., Sakata J., Valera V.A., Korita P.V., Akazawa K., Ajioka Y., Hatakeyama K. Appraisal of 1 cm hepatectomy margins for intrahepatic micrometastases in patients with colorectal carcinoma liver metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008 Sep; 15(9): 2472–81. doi: 10.1245/s10434-008-0023-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Cutsem E., Cervantes A., Adam R., Sobrero A., Van Krieken J.H., Aderka D., Aranda Aguilar E., Bardelli A., Benson A., Bodoky G., Ciardiello F., D’Hoore A., Diaz-Rubio E., Douillard J.Y., Ducreux M., Falcone A., Grothey A., Gruenberger T., Haustermans K., Heinemann V., Hoff P., Köhne C.H., Labianca R., Laurent-Puig P., Ma B., Maughan T., Muro K., Normanno N., Österlund P., Oyen W.J., Papamichael D., Pentheroudakis G., Pfeiffer P., Price T.J., Punt C., Ricke J., Roth A., Salazar R., Scheithauer W., Schmoll H.J., Tabernero J., Taïeb J., Tejpar S., Wasan H., Yoshino T., Zaanan A., Arnold D. ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2016; 27(8): 1386–422. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Cutsem E., Cervantes A., Adam R., Sobrero A., Van Krieken J.H., Aderka D., Aranda Aguilar E., Bardelli A., Benson A., Bodoky G., Ciardiello F., D’Hoore A., Diaz-Rubio E., Douillard J.Y., Ducreux M., Falcone A., Grothey A., Gruenberger T., Haustermans K., Heinemann V., Hoff P., Köhne C.H., Labianca R., Laurent-Puig P., Ma B., Maughan T., Muro K., Normanno N., Österlund P., Oyen W.J., Papamichael D., Pentheroudakis G., Pfeiffer P., Price T.J., Punt C., Ricke J., Roth A., Salazar R., Scheithauer W., Schmoll H.J., Tabernero J., Taïeb J., Tejpar S., Wasan H., Yoshino T., Zaanan A., Arnold D. ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2016; 27(8): 1386–422. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации. Рак прямой кишки. 2020 [Интернет]. URL. https://nnood.ru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/03/Rak-pryamojj-kishki-KR554.pdf (дата обращения: 07.04.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical guidelines. Rectal cancer. 2020 [Internet]. URL. https://nnood.ru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/03/Rak-pryamojj-kishki-KR554.pdf (date accessed: 04/07/2021). (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fossum C.C., Alabbad J.Y., Romak L.B., Hallemeier C.L., Haddock M.G., Huebner M., Dozois E.J., Larson D.W. The role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy for locally-advanced rectal cancer with resectable synchronous metastasis. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2017 Aug; 8(4): 650–658. doi: 10.21037/jgo.2017.06.07.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fossum C.C., Alabbad J.Y., Romak L.B., Hallemeier C.L., Haddock M.G., Huebner M., Dozois E.J., Larson D.W. The role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy for locally-advanced rectal cancer with resectable synchronous metastasis. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2017 Aug; 8(4): 650–658. doi: 10.21037/jgo.2017.06.07.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holliday E.B., Hunt A., You Y.N., Chang G.J., Skibber J.M., Rodriguez-Bigas M.A., Bednarski B.K., Eng C., Koay E.J., Minsky B.D., Taniguchi C., Krishnan S., Herman J.M., Das P. Short course radiation as a component of definitive multidisciplinary treatment for select patients with metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2017 Dec; 8(6): 990–997. doi: 10.21037/jgo.2017.09.02.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holliday E.B., Hunt A., You Y.N., Chang G.J., Skibber J.M., Rodriguez-Bigas M.A., Bednarski B.K., Eng C., Koay E.J., Minsky B.D., Taniguchi C., Krishnan S., Herman J.M., Das P. Short course radiation as a component of definitive multidisciplinary treatment for select patients with metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2017 Dec; 8(6): 990–997. doi: 10.21037/jgo.2017.09.02.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu K.T., Wan J.F., Zhu J., Li G.C., Sun W.J., Shen L.J., Cai S.J., Gu W.L., Lian P., Zhang Z. Role of pelvic radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer and synchronous unresectable distant metastases. Cancer Radiother. 2016 Dec; 20(8): 805–810. doi: 10.1016/j.canrad.2016.06.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu K.T., Wan J.F., Zhu J., Li G.C., Sun W.J., Shen L.J., Cai S.J., Gu W.L., Lian P., Zhang Z. Role of pelvic radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer and synchronous unresectable distant metastases. Cancer Radiother. 2016 Dec; 20(8): 805–810. doi: 10.1016/j.canrad.2016.06.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bird T., Michael M., Bressel M., Chu J., Chander S., Cooray P., McKendrick J., Jefford M., Heriot A., Steel M., Leong T., Ngan S. FOLFOX and intensified split-course chemoradiation as initial treatment for rectal cancer with synchronous metastases. Acta Oncol. 2017 May; 56(5): 646–652. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2017.1296584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bird T., Michael M., Bressel M., Chu J., Chander S., Cooray P., McKendrick J., Jefford M., Heriot A., Steel M., Leong T., Ngan S. FOLFOX and intensified split-course chemoradiation as initial treatment for rectal cancer with synchronous metastases. Acta Oncol. 2017 May; 56(5): 646–652. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2017.1296584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manceau G., Brouquet A., Bachet J.B., Penna C., El Hajjam M., Rougier P., Nordlinger B., Benoist S. Response of liver metastases to preoperative radiochemotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and resectable synchronous liver metastases. Surgery. 2013 Sep; 154(3): 528–35. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.02.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manceau G., Brouquet A., Bachet J.B., Penna C., El Hajjam M., Rougier P., Nordlinger B., Benoist S. Response of liver metastases to preoperative radiochemotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and resectable synchronous liver metastases. Surgery. 2013 Sep; 154(3): 528–35. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.02.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Labori K.J., Guren M.G., Brudvik K.W., Røsok B.I., Waage A., Nesbakken A., Larsen S., Dueland S., Edwin B., Bjørnbeth B.A. Resection of synchronous liver metastases between radiotherapy and definitive surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer: short-term surgical outcomes, overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Colorectal Dis. 2017 Aug; 19(8): 731–738. doi: 10.1111/codi.13622.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Labori K.J., Guren M.G., Brudvik K.W., Røsok B.I., Waage A., Nesbakken A., Larsen S., Dueland S., Edwin B., Bjørnbeth B.A. Resection of synchronous liver metastases between radiotherapy and definitive surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer: short-term surgical outcomes, overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Colorectal Dis. 2017 Aug; 19(8): 731–738. doi: 10.1111/codi.13622.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin J.K., Lee L.K., Chen W.S., Lin T.C., Jiang J.K., Yang S.H., Wang H.S., Chang S.C., Lan Y.T., Lin C.C., Yen C.C., Liu J.H., Tzeng C.H., Teng H.W. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by metastasectomy converts to survival benefit in stage IV rectum cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012 Oct; 16(10): 1888–96. doi: 10.1007/s11605-012-1959-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin J.K., Lee L.K., Chen W.S., Lin T.C., Jiang J.K., Yang S.H., Wang H.S., Chang S.C., Lan Y.T., Lin C.C., Yen C.C., Liu J.H., Tzeng C.H., Teng H.W. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by metastasectomy converts to survival benefit in stage IV rectum cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012 Oct; 16(10): 1888–96. doi: 10.1007/s11605-012-1959-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim S.H., Kim J.H., Jung S.H. Comparison of oncologic outcomes of metastatic rectal cancer patients with or without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2015 Sep; 30(9): 1193–9. doi: 10.1007/s00384-015-2272-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim S.H., Kim J.H., Jung S.H. Comparison of oncologic outcomes of metastatic rectal cancer patients with or without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2015 Sep; 30(9): 1193–9. doi: 10.1007/s00384-015-2272-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu J., Lian P., Liu F., Xu Y., Xu J., Guan Z., Liang L., Wang M., Cai S., Zhang Z. Phase II trial of first-line chemoradiotherapy with intensity-modulated radiation therapy followed by chemotherapy for synchronous unresectable distant metastases rectal adenocarcinoma. Radiat Oncol. 2013 Jan 7; 8: 10. doi: 10.1186/1748-717X-8-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu J., Lian P., Liu F., Xu Y., Xu J., Guan Z., Liang L., Wang M., Cai S., Zhang Z. Phase II trial of first-line chemoradiotherapy with intensity-modulated radiation therapy followed by chemotherapy for synchronous unresectable distant metastases rectal adenocarcinoma. Radiat Oncol. 2013 Jan 7; 8: 10. doi: 10.1186/1748-717X-8-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michael M., Chander S., McKendrick J., MacKay J.R., Steel M., Hicks R., Heriot A., Leong T., Cooray P., Jefford M., Zalcberg J., Bressel M., McClure B., Ngan S.Y. Phase II trial evaluating the feasibility of interdigitating folfox with chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced and metastatic rectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2014 Nov 11; 111(10): 1924–31. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.487.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michael M., Chander S., McKendrick J., MacKay J.R., Steel M., Hicks R., Heriot A., Leong T., Cooray P., Jefford M., Zalcberg J., Bressel M., McClure B., Ngan S.Y. Phase II trial evaluating the feasibility of interdigitating folfox with chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced and metastatic rectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2014 Nov 11; 111(10): 1924–31. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.487.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bisschop C., van Dijk T.H., Beukema J.C., Jansen R.L.H., Gelderblom H., de Jong K.P., Rutten H.J.T., van de Velde C.J.H., Wiggers T., Havenga K., Hospers G.A.P. Short-Course Radiotherapy Followed by Neoadjuvant Bevacizumab, Capecitabine, and Oxaliplatin and Subsequent Radical Treatment in Primary Stage IV Rectal Cancer: Long-Term Results of a Phase II Study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017; 24(9): 2632–2638. doi: 10.1245/s10434-017-5897-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bisschop C., van Dijk T.H., Beukema J.C., Jansen R.L.H., Gelderblom H., de Jong K.P., Rutten H.J.T., van de Velde C.J.H., Wiggers T., Havenga K., Hospers G.A.P. Short-Course Radiotherapy Followed by Neoadjuvant Bevacizumab, Capecitabine, and Oxaliplatin and Subsequent Radical Treatment in Primary Stage IV Rectal Cancer: Long-Term Results of a Phase II Study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017; 24(9): 2632–2638. doi: 10.1245/s10434-017-5897-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho H., Kim J.E., Kim K.P., Yu C.S., Kim J.C., Kim J.H., Lee M.A., Jang H.S., Oh S.T., Kim S.Y., Oh J.H., Kim D.Y., Hong Y.S., Kim T.W. Phase II Study of Preoperative Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin-based Intensified Chemoradiotherapy With or Without Induction Chemotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer and Synchronous Liver-limited Resectable Metastases. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016; 39(6): 623–629. doi: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho H., Kim J.E., Kim K.P., Yu C.S., Kim J.C., Kim J.H., Lee M.A., Jang H.S., Oh S.T., Kim S.Y., Oh J.H., Kim D.Y., Hong Y.S., Kim T.W. Phase II Study of Preoperative Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin-based Intensified Chemoradiotherapy With or Without Induction Chemotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer and Synchronous Liver-limited Resectable Metastases. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016; 39(6): 623–629. doi: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sager O., Dincoglan F., Demiral S., Uysal B., Gamsiz H., Dirican B., Beyzadeoglu M. A Concise Review of Pelvic Radiation Therapy (RT) for Rectal Cancer with Synchronous Liver Metastases. Int J Surg Oncol. 2019 Apr 21; 2019: 5239042. doi: 10.1155/2019/5239042.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sager O., Dincoglan F., Demiral S., Uysal B., Gamsiz H., Dirican B., Beyzadeoglu M. A Concise Review of Pelvic Radiation Therapy (RT) for Rectal Cancer with Synchronous Liver Metastases. Int J Surg Oncol. 2019 Apr 21; 2019: 5239042. doi: 10.1155/2019/5239042.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gelsomino F., Spallanzani A., Garajovà I. The treatment of rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases: A matter of strategy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019 Jul; 139: 91–95. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.05.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gelsomino F., Spallanzani A., Garajovà I. The treatment of rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases: A matter of strategy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019 Jul; 139: 91–95. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.05.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ngan S.Y., Burmeister B., Fisher R.J., Solomon M., Goldstein D., Joseph D., Ackland S.P., Schache D., McClure B., McLachlan S.A., McKendrick J., Leong T., Hartopeanu C., Zalcberg J., Mackay J. Randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy versus long-course chemoradiation comparing rates of local recurrence in patients with T3 rectal cancer: Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group trial 01.04. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(31): 3827–33. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.9597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ngan S.Y., Burmeister B., Fisher R.J., Solomon M., Goldstein D., Joseph D., Ackland S.P., Schache D., McClure B., McLachlan S.A., McKendrick J., Leong T., Hartopeanu C., Zalcberg J., Mackay J. Randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy versus long-course chemoradiation comparing rates of local recurrence in patients with T3 rectal cancer: Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group trial 01.04. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(31): 3827–33. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.9597.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sebag-Montefiore D., Stephens R.J., Steele R., Monson J., Grieve R., Khanna S., Quirke P., Couture J., de Metz C., Myint A.S., Bessell E., Griffiths G., Thompson L.C., Parmar M. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 7; 373(9666): 811–20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60484-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sebag-Montefiore D., Stephens R.J., Steele R., Monson J., Grieve R., Khanna S., Quirke P., Couture J., de Metz C., Myint A.S., Bessell E., Griffiths G., Thompson L.C., Parmar M. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 7; 373(9666): 811–20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60484-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erlandsson J., Lörinc E., Ahlberg M., Pettersson D., Holm T., Glimelius B., Martling A. Tumour regression after radiotherapy for rectal cancer – Results from the randomised Stockholm III trial. Radiother Oncol. 2019 Jun; 135: 178–186. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.03.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erlandsson J., Lörinc E., Ahlberg M., Pettersson D., Holm T., Glimelius B., Martling A. Tumour regression after radiotherapy for rectal cancer – Results from the randomised Stockholm III trial. Radiother Oncol. 2019 Jun; 135: 178–186. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.03.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glynne-Jones R., Wyrwicz L., Tiret E., Brown G., Rödel C., Cervantes A., Arnold D.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and followup. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1; 28(suppl_4): iv22–iv40. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glynne-Jones R., Wyrwicz L., Tiret E., Brown G., Rödel C., Cervantes A., Arnold D.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and followup. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1; 28(suppl_4): iv22–iv40. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
