oncotomskСибирский онкологический журналSiberian journal of oncology1814-48612312-3168Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.21294/1814-4861-2021-20-5-162-169oncotomsk-1929Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSСОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ О МОЛЕКУЛЯРНО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ МАРКЕРАХ РАКА ПРЕДСТАТЕЛЬНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫMODERN CONCEPTS OF THE MOLECULAR GENETIC MARKERS OF PROSTATE CANCERhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0878-8501ЖумакаевА. М.ZhumakayevA. M.

онкоуролог, 

г. Нур-Султан, 010009, ул. Манаса, 17

MD, Oncologist, Urologist,

17, Manasa Street, 010009, Nur-Sultan

onkoastana@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7286-1593БенберинВ. В.BenberinV. V.

доктор медицинских наук, профессор, директор,

г. Нур-Султан, 010000, просп. Мангилик Ел, 80

MD, DSc, Professor, Director,

80, ave. Mangilik El, 010000, Nur-Sultan,

akylbek_89@mail.ru

kense@bmc.mcudp.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-259XШаназаровН. А.ShanazarovN. A.

доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный онколог, 

г. Нур-Султан, 010000, просп. Мангилик Ел, 80

MD, DSc, Professor, Chief Oncologist,

80, ave. Mangilik El, 010000, Nur-Sultan,

akylbek_89@mail.ru

kense@bmc.mcudp.kzТулеутаевМ. Е.TuleutaevM. E.

кандидат медицинских наук, директор, 

г. Нур-Султан, 010009, ул. Манаса, 17

MD, PhD, Director,

17, Manasa Street, 010009, Nur-Sultan

onkoastana@mail.ruСейдалинН. К.SeydalinN. K.

кандидат медицинских наук, врач-онколог, 

г. Нур-Султан, 010000, просп. Мангилик Ел, 80

MD, PhD, Oncologist, 

80, ave. Mangilik El, 010000, Nur-Sultan,

akylbek_89@mail.ru

kense@bmc.mcudp.kzДаврановА. Ж.DavranovA. Zh.

кандидат медицинских наук, онкоуролог, 

г. Нур-Султан, 010009, ул. Манаса, 17

MD, PhD, Oncologist,

17, Manasa Street, 010009, Nur-Sultan

onkoastana@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9139-4241ЖумакаеваА. М.ZhumakayevaA. M.

химиотерапевт, 

г. Нур-Султан, 010009, ул. Манаса, 17

MD, Oncologist, 

17, Manasa Street, 010009, Nur-Sultan

onkoastana@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4307-2317МуратовТ. М.MuratovT. M.

кандидат медицинских наук, первый заместитель директора,

г. Нур-Султан, 010000, просп. Мангилик Ел, 80

MD, PhD, Deputy Director,

80, ave. Mangilik El, 010000, Nur-Sultan,

akylbek_89@mail.ru

kense@bmc.mcudp.kzКасымовБ. Г.KasymovB. G.

врач-уролог, руководитель центра роботизированной хирургии,

г. Нур-Султан, 010000, просп. Мангилик Ел, 80

MD, Urologist, Head of the Center for Robotic Surgery,

80, ave. Mangilik El, 010000, Nur-Sultan,

akylbek_89@mail.ru

ГКП на ПХВ «Многопрофильный медицинский центр»КазахстанMultidisciplinary Medical CenterKazakhstanРГП «Больница медицинского центра Управления делами президента» на ПХВКазахстанHospital of the Medical Center for Management of the President’s AffairsKazakhstan202131102021205162169Copyright © Жумакаев А.М., Бенберин В.В., Шаназаров Н.А., Тулеутаев М.Е., Сейдалин Н.К., Давранов А.Ж., Жумакаева А.М., Муратов Т.М., Касымов Б.Г., 20212021Жумакаев А.М., Бенберин В.В., Шаназаров Н.А., Тулеутаев М.Е., Сейдалин Н.К., Давранов А.Ж., Жумакаева А.М., Муратов Т.М., Касымов Б.Г.Zhumakayev A.M., Benberin V.V., Shanazarov N.A., Tuleutaev M.E., Seydalin N.K., Davranov A.Z., Zhumakayeva A.M., Muratov T.M., Kasymov B.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/1929

Цель исследования – представить современные данные молекулярно-генетических исследований, посвященных выявлению рисков развития рака предстательной железы у представителей различных этнических групп.

Материал и методы

Материал и методы. Выполнен поиск литературных источников, доступных в базах данных PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar. Нами было проанализировано 52 источника, посвященных рискам развития рака предстательной железы. Приведены эпидемиологические данные по распространенности изучаемой патологии в мире, а также детально продемонстрированы факторы риска в зависимости от возрастных особенностей, гормонального статуса и наследственной предрасположенности.

Результаты

Результаты. Освещены патогенетические особенности рака предстательной железы в зависимости от этнической принадлежности. В работе представлены данные как европейской, так и азиатской этнических групп. В ряде исследований описаны существенные генетические различия в однонуклеотидных полиморфизмах, ассоциированных с развитием рака предстательной железы.

Заключение

Заключение. Исследования в области определения рисков развития рака предстательной железы с каждым годом становятся все перспективнее благодаря появлению новых молекулярно-генетических маркеров, а также изучению различных этнических особенностей. Тем не менее остаются открытыми многие вопросы современной диагностики рака предстательной железы, поэтому исследования в данной области являются актуальными. 

Purpose of the study: to present up-to-date data on molecular genetic studies aimed to identify the risks of developing prostate cancer in representatives of various ethnic groups. Material and Methods. Literary sources were searched in databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar. We had analyzed 60 sources on the risks of developing prostate cancer. The epidemiological data on the prostate cancer incidence and risk factors depending on age characteristics, hormonal status and hereditary predisposition were shown. Results. The pathogenetic features of prostate cancer depending on ethnicity were described. The paper presents data from both European and Asian ethnic groups. In a number of studies, significant genetic differences in single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the development of prostate cancer were identified. Conclusion. Research in the field of determining the risks of developing prostate cancer becomes more and more relevant due to the emergence of new molecular genetic markers, as well as the influence of various ethnic characteristics. Nevertheless, many questions of modern diagnosis of prostate cancer are still open, therefore, research in this area remains promising. 

однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы (SNP)рак предстательной железыфакторы рискаэтнические особенностинаследственная предрасположенностьгенетические маркерыsingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)prostate cancerrisk factorsethnic characteristicshereditary predispositiongenetic markersReferencesRuijter E., van de Kaa C., Miller G., Ruiter D., Debruyne F., Schalken J. Molecular genetics and epidemiology of prostate carcinoma. Endocr Rev. 1999 Feb; 20(1): 22–45. doi: 10.1210/edrv.20.1.0356.Ruijter E., van de Kaa C., Miller G., Ruiter D., Debruyne F., Schalken J. Molecular genetics and epidemiology of prostate carcinoma. Endocr Rev. 1999 Feb; 20(1): 22–45. doi: 10.1210/edrv.20.1.0356.Franceschi S., Wild C.P. Meeting the global demands of epidemiologic transition – the indispensable role of cancer prevention. Mol Oncol. 2013 Feb; 7(1): 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.10.010.Franceschi S., Wild C.P. Meeting the global demands of epidemiologic transition – the indispensable role of cancer prevention. Mol Oncol. 2013 Feb; 7(1): 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.10.010.Аксель Е.М. Заболеваемость злокачественными новообразованиями мочевых и мужских половых органов в России в 2003 году. Онкоурология. 2005; 1: 6–9.Axel E.M. The incidence of malignant neoplasms of the urinary and male genital organs in Russia in 2003. Oncourology. 2005; 1: 6–9. (in Russian).Нургазиев Р.И., Сейтказина Г.Д., Байпеисов Д.М. Показатели онкологической службы Республики Казахстан за 2018 год (статистические материалы). Алматы. 2018; 2: 138 c.Nurgaziev R.I., Seitkazina G.D., Baypeisov D.M. Indicators of the oncological service of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2018 (statistical materials). Almaty. 2018; 2: 138 p. (in Russian).Rowles J.L.3rd, Ranard K.M., Smith J.W., An R., Erdman J.W.Jr. Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2017 Dec; 20(4): 361–377. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2017.25.Rowles J.L.3rd, Ranard K.M., Smith J.W., An R., Erdman J.W.Jr. Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2017 Dec; 20(4): 361–377. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2017.25.Karunasinghe N., Lange K., Yeo Han D., Goudie M., Zhu S.H., Wang A., Bishop K.R., Ferguson L.G., Masters J. Androgen Pathway Related Gene Variants and Prostate Cancer Association in Auckland Men. Curr Pharmacog Personal Med. 2013, 11: 22–30.Karunasinghe N., Lange K., Yeo Han D., Goudie M., Zhu S.H., Wang A., Bishop K.R., Ferguson L.G., Masters J. Androgen Pathway Related Gene Variants and Prostate Cancer Association in Auckland Men. Curr Pharmacog Personal Med. 2013, 11: 22–30.Solana R., Tarazona R., Gayoso I., Lesur O., Dupuis G., Fulop T. Innate immunosenescence: effect of aging on cells and receptors of the innate immune system in humans. Semin Immunol. 2012 Oct; 24(5): 331–41. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.008.Solana R., Tarazona R., Gayoso I., Lesur O., Dupuis G., Fulop T. Innate immunosenescence: effect of aging on cells and receptors of the innate immune system in humans. Semin Immunol. 2012 Oct; 24(5): 331–41. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.008.Hajishengallis G. Aging and its Impact on Innate Immunity and Inflammation: Implications for Periodontitis. J Oral Biosci. 2014 Feb 1; 56(1): 30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.job.2013.09.001.Hajishengallis G. Aging and its Impact on Innate Immunity and Inflammation: Implications for Periodontitis. J Oral Biosci. 2014 Feb 1; 56(1): 30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.job.2013.09.001.Mahbub S., Brubaker A.L., Kovacs E.J. Aging of the Innate Immune System: An Update. Curr Immunol Rev. 2011; 7(1): 104–15. doi: 10.2174/157339511794474181.Mahbub S., Brubaker A.L., Kovacs E.J. Aging of the Innate Immune System: An Update. Curr Immunol Rev. 2011; 7(1): 104–15. doi: 10.2174/157339511794474181.Kazma R., Mefford J.A., Cheng I., Plummer S.J., Levin A.M., Rybicki B.A., Casey G., Witte J.S. Association of the innate immunity and inflammation pathway with advanced prostate cancer risk. PLoS One. 2012; 7(12): e51680. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051680.Kazma R., Mefford J.A., Cheng I., Plummer S.J., Levin A.M., Rybicki B.A., Casey G., Witte J.S. Association of the innate immunity and inflammation pathway with advanced prostate cancer risk. PLoS One. 2012; 7(12): e51680. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051680.Craige S.M., Kant S., Reif M., Chen K., Pei Y., Angoff R., Sugamura K., Fitzgibbons T., Keaney J.F.Jr. Endothelial NADPH oxidase 4 protects ApoE-/- mice from atherosclerotic lesions. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 Dec; 89: 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.004.Craige S.M., Kant S., Reif M., Chen K., Pei Y., Angoff R., Sugamura K., Fitzgibbons T., Keaney J.F.Jr. Endothelial NADPH oxidase 4 protects ApoE-/- mice from atherosclerotic lesions. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 Dec; 89: 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.004.Elmslie J.L., Sellman J.D., Schroder R.N., Carter F.A. The NEEDNT Food List: non-essential, energy-dense, nutritionally-deficient foods. NZ Med J. 2012 Feb 24; 125(1350): 84–92.Elmslie J.L., Sellman J.D., Schroder R.N., Carter F.A. The NEEDNT Food List: non-essential, energy-dense, nutritionally-deficient foods. NZ Med J. 2012 Feb 24; 125(1350): 84–92.Zhuang L., Kim J., Adam R.M., Solomon K.R., Freeman M.R. Cholesterol targeting alters lipid raft composition and cell survival in prostate cancer cells and xenografts. J Clin Invest. 2005; 115(4): 959–68. doi: 10.1172/JCI19935.Zhuang L., Kim J., Adam R.M., Solomon K.R., Freeman M.R. Cholesterol targeting alters lipid raft composition and cell survival in prostate cancer cells and xenografts. J Clin Invest. 2005; 115(4): 959–68. doi: 10.1172/JCI19935.Brown A.J. Cholesterol, statins and cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007 Mar; 34(3): 135–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04565.x.Brown A.J. Cholesterol, statins and cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007 Mar; 34(3): 135–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04565.x.Krycer J.R., Brown A.J. Cholesterol accumulation in prostate cancer: a classic observation from a modern perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Apr; 1835(2): 219–29. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.01.002.Krycer J.R., Brown A.J. Cholesterol accumulation in prostate cancer: a classic observation from a modern perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Apr; 1835(2): 219–29. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.01.002.Prabhu A.V., Krycer J.R., Brown A.J. Overexpression of a key regulator of lipid homeostasis, Scap, promotes respiration in prostate cancer cells. FEBS Lett. 2013 Apr 2; 587(7): 983–8. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.040.Prabhu A.V., Krycer J.R., Brown A.J. Overexpression of a key regulator of lipid homeostasis, Scap, promotes respiration in prostate cancer cells. FEBS Lett. 2013 Apr 2; 587(7): 983–8. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.040.Huang C., Freter C. Lipid metabolism, apoptosis and cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Jan 2; 16(1): 924–49. doi: 10.3390/ijms16010924.Huang C., Freter C. Lipid metabolism, apoptosis and cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Jan 2; 16(1): 924–49. doi: 10.3390/ijms16010924.Rosca M.G., Vazquez E.J., Chen Q., Kerner J., Kern T.S., Hoppel C.L. Oxidation of fatty acids is the source of increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in kidney cortical tubules in early diabetes. Diabetes. 2012 Aug; 61(8): 2074–83. doi: 10.2337/db11-1437.Rosca M.G., Vazquez E.J., Chen Q., Kerner J., Kern T.S., Hoppel C.L. Oxidation of fatty acids is the source of increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in kidney cortical tubules in early diabetes. Diabetes. 2012 Aug; 61(8): 2074–83. doi: 10.2337/db11-1437.Dalleau S., Baradat M., Guéraud F., Huc L. Cell death and diseases related to oxidative stress: 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in the balance. Cell Death Differ. 2013 Dec; 20(12): 1615–30. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2013.138.Dalleau S., Baradat M., Guéraud F., Huc L. Cell death and diseases related to oxidative stress: 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in the balance. Cell Death Differ. 2013 Dec; 20(12): 1615–30. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2013.138.Ellison P.T., Bribiescas R.G., Bentley G.R., Campbell B.C., Lipson S.F., Panter-Brick C., Hill K. Population variation in age-related decline in male salivary testosterone. Hum Reprod. 2002 Dec; 17(12): 3251–3. doi: 10.1093/humrep/17.12.3251.Ellison P.T., Bribiescas R.G., Bentley G.R., Campbell B.C., Lipson S.F., Panter-Brick C., Hill K. Population variation in age-related decline in male salivary testosterone. Hum Reprod. 2002 Dec; 17(12): 3251–3. doi: 10.1093/humrep/17.12.3251.Kenny A.M., Prestwood K.M., Marcello K.M., Raisz L.G. Determinants of bone density in healthy older men with low testosterone levels. J Gerontol Am Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Sep; 55(9): M492–7. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.9.m49Kenny A.M., Prestwood K.M., Marcello K.M., Raisz L.G. Determinants of bone density in healthy older men with low testosterone levels. J Gerontol Am Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Sep; 55(9): M492–7. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.9.m49Harman S.M., Metter E.J., Tobin J.D., Pearson J., Blackman M.R.; Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86(2): 724–31. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7219.Harman S.M., Metter E.J., Tobin J.D., Pearson J., Blackman M.R.; Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86(2): 724–31. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7219.Feldman H.A., Longcope C., Derby C.A., Johannes C.B., Araujo A.B., Coviello A.D., Bremner W.J., McKinlay J.B. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb; 87(2): 589–98. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.2.8201.Feldman H.A., Longcope C., Derby C.A., Johannes C.B., Araujo A.B., Coviello A.D., Bremner W.J., McKinlay J.B. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb; 87(2): 589–98. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.2.8201.Arnold J.T. DHEA metabolism in prostate: For better or worse? Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009 Mar 25; 301(1–2): 83–8. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.019.Arnold J.T. DHEA metabolism in prostate: For better or worse? Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009 Mar 25; 301(1–2): 83–8. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.019.Wu F.C., Tajar A., Pye S.R., Silman A.J., Finn J.D., O’Neill T.W., Bartfai G., Casanueva F., Forti G., Giwercman A., Huhtaniemi I.T., Kula K., Punab M., Boonen S., Vanderschueren D.; European Male Aging Study Group. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jul; 93(7): 2737–45. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-1972.Wu F.C., Tajar A., Pye S.R., Silman A.J., Finn J.D., O’Neill T.W., Bartfai G., Casanueva F., Forti G., Giwercman A., Huhtaniemi I.T., Kula K., Punab M., Boonen S., Vanderschueren D.; European Male Aging Study Group. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jul; 93(7): 2737–45. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-1972.Araujo A.B., Wittert G.A. Endocrinology of the aging male. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 25(2): 303–19. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.11.004.Araujo A.B., Wittert G.A. Endocrinology of the aging male. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 25(2): 303–19. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.11.004.Schatzl G., Madersbacher S., Thurridl T., Waldmüller J., Kramer G., Haitel A., Marberger M. High-grade prostate cancer is associated with low serum testosterone levels. Prostate. 2001 Apr; 47(1): 52–8. doi: 10.1002/pros.1046.Schatzl G., Madersbacher S., Thurridl T., Waldmüller J., Kramer G., Haitel A., Marberger M. High-grade prostate cancer is associated with low serum testosterone levels. Prostate. 2001 Apr; 47(1): 52–8. doi: 10.1002/pros.1046.Schaid D.J. The complex genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Apr 1; 13 Spec No 1: R103–21. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh072.Schaid D.J. The complex genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Apr 1; 13 Spec No 1: R103–21. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh072.Al Olama A.A., Kote-Jarai Z., Berndt S.I., Conti D.V., Schumacher F., Han Y., Benlloch S., Hazelett D.J., Wang Z., Saunders E., Leongamornlert D., Lindstrom S., Jugurnauth-Little S., Dadaev T., Tymrakiewicz M., Stram D.O., Rand K., Wan P., Stram A., Sheng X., Pooler L.C., Park K., Xia L., Tyrer J., Kolonel L.N., Le Marchand L., Hoover R.N., Machiela M.J., Yeager M., Burdette L., Chung C.C., Hutchinson A., Yu K., Goh C., Ahmed M., Govindasami K., Guy M., Tammela T.L., Auvinen A., Wahlfors T., Schleutker J., Visakorpi T., Leinonen K.A., Xu J., Aly M., Donovan J., Travis R.C., Key T.J., Siddiq A., Canzian F., Khaw K.T., Takahashi A., Kubo M., Pharoah P., Pashayan N., Weischer M., Nordestgaard B.G., Nielsen S.F., Klarskov P., Røder M.A., Iversen P., Thibodeau S.N., McDonnell S.K., Schaid D.J., Stanford J.L., Kolb S., Holt S., Knudsen B., Coll A.H., Gapstur S.M., Diver W.R., Stevens V.L., Maier C., Luedeke M., Herkommer K., Rinckleb A.E., Strom S.S., Pettaway C., Yeboah E.D., Tettey Y., Biritwum R.B., Adjei A.A., Tay E., Truelove A., Niwa S., Chokkalingam A.P., Cannon-Albright L., Cybulski C., Wokołorczyk D., Kluźniak W., Park J., Sellers T., Lin H.Y., Isaacs W.B., Partin A.W., Brenner H., Dieffenbach A.K., Stegmaier C., Chen C., Giovannucci E.L., Ma J., Stampfer M., Penney K.L., Mucci L., John E.M., Ingles S.A., Kittles R.A., Murphy A.B., Pandha H., Michael A., Kierzek A.M., Blot W., Signorello L.B., Zheng W., Albanes D., Virtamo J., Weinstein S., Nemesure B., Carpten J., Leske C., Wu S.Y., Hennis A., Kibel A.S., Rybicki B.A., Neslund-Dudas C., Hsing A.W., Chu L., Goodman P.J., Klein E.A., Zheng S.L., Batra J., Clements J., Spurdle A., Teixeira M.R., Paulo P., Maia S., Slavov C., Kaneva R., Mitev V., Witte J.S., Casey G., Gillanders E.M., Seminara D., Riboli E., Hamdy F.C., Coetzee G.A., Li Q., Freedman M.L., Hunter D.J., Muir K., Gronberg H., Neal D.E., Southey M., Giles G.G., Severi G.; Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3); PRACTICAL (Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer-Associated Alterations in the Genome) Consortium; COGS (Collaborative Oncological Gene-environment Study) Consortium; GAME-ON/ELLIPSE Consortium, Cook M.B., Nakagawa H., Wiklund F., Kraft P., Chanock S.J., Henderson B.E., Easton D.F., Eeles R.A., Haiman C.A. A meta-analysis of 87,040 individuals identifies 23 new susceptibility loci for prostate cancer. Nat Genet. 2014 Oct; 46(10): 1103–9. doi: 10.1038/ng.3094.Al Olama A.A., Kote-Jarai Z., Berndt S.I., Conti D.V., Schumacher F., Han Y., Benlloch S., Hazelett D.J., Wang Z., Saunders E., Leongamornlert D., Lindstrom S., Jugurnauth-Little S., Dadaev T., Tymrakiewicz M., Stram D.O., Rand K., Wan P., Stram A., Sheng X., Pooler L.C., Park K., Xia L., Tyrer J., Kolonel L.N., Le Marchand L., Hoover R.N., Machiela M.J., Yeager M., Burdette L., Chung C.C., Hutchinson A., Yu K., Goh C., Ahmed M., Govindasami K., Guy M., Tammela T.L., Auvinen A., Wahlfors T., Schleutker J., Visakorpi T., Leinonen K.A., Xu J., Aly M., Donovan J., Travis R.C., Key T.J., Siddiq A., Canzian F., Khaw K.T., Takahashi A., Kubo M., Pharoah P., Pashayan N., Weischer M., Nordestgaard B.G., Nielsen S.F., Klarskov P., Røder M.A., Iversen P., Thibodeau S.N., McDonnell S.K., Schaid D.J., Stanford J.L., Kolb S., Holt S., Knudsen B., Coll A.H., Gapstur S.M., Diver W.R., Stevens V.L., Maier C., Luedeke M., Herkommer K., Rinckleb A.E., Strom S.S., Pettaway C., Yeboah E.D., Tettey Y., Biritwum R.B., Adjei A.A., Tay E., Truelove A., Niwa S., Chokkalingam A.P., Cannon-Albright L., Cybulski C., Wokołorczyk D., Kluźniak W., Park J., Sellers T., Lin H.Y., Isaacs W.B., Partin A.W., Brenner H., Dieffenbach A.K., Stegmaier C., Chen C., Giovannucci E.L., Ma J., Stampfer M., Penney K.L., Mucci L., John E.M., Ingles S.A., Kittles R.A., Murphy A.B., Pandha H., Michael A., Kierzek A.M., Blot W., Signorello L.B., Zheng W., Albanes D., Virtamo J., Weinstein S., Nemesure B., Carpten J., Leske C., Wu S.Y., Hennis A., Kibel A.S., Rybicki B.A., Neslund-Dudas C., Hsing A.W., Chu L., Goodman P.J., Klein E.A., Zheng S.L., Batra J., Clements J., Spurdle A., Teixeira M.R., Paulo P., Maia S., Slavov C., Kaneva R., Mitev V., Witte J.S., Casey G., Gillanders E.M., Seminara D., Riboli E., Hamdy F.C., Coetzee G.A., Li Q., Freedman M.L., Hunter D.J., Muir K., Gronberg H., Neal D.E., Southey M., Giles G.G., Severi G.; Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3); PRACTICAL (Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer-Associated Alterations in the Genome) Consortium; COGS (Collaborative Oncological Gene-environment Study) Consortium; GAME-ON/ELLIPSE Consortium, Cook M.B., Nakagawa H., Wiklund F., Kraft P., Chanock S.J., Henderson B.E., Easton D.F., Eeles R.A., Haiman C.A. A meta-analysis of 87,040 individuals identifies 23 new susceptibility loci for prostate cancer. Nat Genet. 2014 Oct; 46(10): 1103–9. doi: 10.1038/ng.3094.Marzec J., Mao X., Li M., Wang M., Feng N., Gou X., Wang G., Sun Z., Xu J., Xu H., Zhang X., Zhao S.C., Ren G., Yu Y., Wu Y., Wu J., Xue Y., Zhou B., Zhang Y., Xu X., Li J., He W., Benlloch S., Ross-Adams H., Chen L., Li J., Hong Y., Kote-Jarai Z., Cui X., Hou J., Guo J., Xu L., Yin C., Zhou Y., Neal D.E., Oliver T., Cao G., Zhang Z., Easton D.F., Chelala C.; PRACTICAL Consortium; CHIPGECS Group, Al Olama A.A., Eeles R.A., Zhang H., Lu Y.J. A genetic study and meta-analysis of the genetic predisposition of prostate cancer in a Chinese population. Oncotarget. 2016 Apr 19; 7(16): 21393–403. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7250.Marzec J., Mao X., Li M., Wang M., Feng N., Gou X., Wang G., Sun Z., Xu J., Xu H., Zhang X., Zhao S.C., Ren G., Yu Y., Wu Y., Wu J., Xue Y., Zhou B., Zhang Y., Xu X., Li J., He W., Benlloch S., Ross-Adams H., Chen L., Li J., Hong Y., Kote-Jarai Z., Cui X., Hou J., Guo J., Xu L., Yin C., Zhou Y., Neal D.E., Oliver T., Cao G., Zhang Z., Easton D.F., Chelala C.; PRACTICAL Consortium; CHIPGECS Group, Al Olama A.A., Eeles R.A., Zhang H., Lu Y.J. A genetic study and meta-analysis of the genetic predisposition of prostate cancer in a Chinese population. Oncotarget. 2016 Apr 19; 7(16): 21393–403. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7250.Mao X., Yu Y., Boyd L.K., Ren G., Lin D., Chaplin T., Kudahetti S.C., Stankiewicz E., Xue L., Beltran L., Gupta M., Oliver R.T., Lemoine N.R., Berney D.M., Young B..D, Lu Y.J. Distinct genomic alterations in prostate cancers in Chinese and Western populations suggest alternative pathways of prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 1; 70(13): 5207–12. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4074.Mao X., Yu Y., Boyd L.K., Ren G., Lin D., Chaplin T., Kudahetti S.C., Stankiewicz E., Xue L., Beltran L., Gupta M., Oliver R.T., Lemoine N.R., Berney D.M., Young B..D, Lu Y.J. Distinct genomic alterations in prostate cancers in Chinese and Western populations suggest alternative pathways of prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 1; 70(13): 5207–12. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4074.Filella X., Albaladejo M.D., Allué J.A., Castaño M.A., MorellGarcia D., Ruiz M.À., Santamaría M., Torrejón M.J., Giménez N. Prostate cancer screening: guidelines review and laboratory issues. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019 Sep 25; 57(10): 1474–1487. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2018-1252.Filella X., Albaladejo M.D., Allué J.A., Castaño M.A., MorellGarcia D., Ruiz M.À., Santamaría M., Torrejón M.J., Giménez N. Prostate cancer screening: guidelines review and laboratory issues. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019 Sep 25; 57(10): 1474–1487. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2018-1252.Etzioni R., Tsodikov A., Mariotto A., Szabo A., Falcon S., Wegelin J., DiTommaso D., Karnofski K., Gulati R., Penson D.F., Feuer E. Quantifying the role of PSA screening in the US prostate cancer mortality decline. Cancer Causes Control. 2008 Mar; 19(2): 175–81. doi: 10.1007/s10552-007-9083-8.Etzioni R., Tsodikov A., Mariotto A., Szabo A., Falcon S., Wegelin J., DiTommaso D., Karnofski K., Gulati R., Penson D.F., Feuer E. Quantifying the role of PSA screening in the US prostate cancer mortality decline. Cancer Causes Control. 2008 Mar; 19(2): 175–81. doi: 10.1007/s10552-007-9083-8.Hugosson J., Carlsson S., Aus G., Bergdahl S., Khatami A., Lodding P., Pihl C.G., Stranne J., Holmberg E., Lilja H. Mortality results from the Göteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Aug; 11(8): 725–32. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70146-7.Hugosson J., Carlsson S., Aus G., Bergdahl S., Khatami A., Lodding P., Pihl C.G., Stranne J., Holmberg E., Lilja H. Mortality results from the Göteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Aug; 11(8): 725–32. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70146-7.Gudmundsson J., Besenbacher S., Sulem P., Gudbjartsson D.F., Olafsson I., Arinbjarnarson S., Agnarsson B.A., Benediktsdottir K.R., Isaksson H.J., Kostic J.P., Gudjonsson S.A., Stacey S.N., Gylfason A., Sigurdsson A., Holm H., Bjornsdottir U.S., Eyjolfsson G.I., Navarrete S., Fuertes F., Garcia-Prats M.D., Polo E., Checherita I.A., Jinga M., Badea P., Aben K.K., Schalken J.A., van Oort I.M., Sweep F.C., Helfand B.T., Davis M., Donovan J.L., Hamdy F.C., Kristjansson K., Gulcher J.R., Masson G., Kong A., Catalona W.J., Mayordomo J.I., Geirsson G., Einarsson G.V., Barkardottir R.B., Jonsson E., Jinga V., Mates D., Kiemeney L.A., Neal D.E., Thorsteinsdottir U., Rafnar T., Stefansson K. Genetic correction of PSA values using sequence variants associated with PSA levels. Sci Transl Med. 2010 Dec 15; 2(62): 62ra92. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001513.Gudmundsson J., Besenbacher S., Sulem P., Gudbjartsson D.F., Olafsson I., Arinbjarnarson S., Agnarsson B.A., Benediktsdottir K.R., Isaksson H.J., Kostic J.P., Gudjonsson S.A., Stacey S.N., Gylfason A., Sigurdsson A., Holm H., Bjornsdottir U.S., Eyjolfsson G.I., Navarrete S., Fuertes F., Garcia-Prats M.D., Polo E., Checherita I.A., Jinga M., Badea P., Aben K.K., Schalken J.A., van Oort I.M., Sweep F.C., Helfand B.T., Davis M., Donovan J.L., Hamdy F.C., Kristjansson K., Gulcher J.R., Masson G., Kong A., Catalona W.J., Mayordomo J.I., Geirsson G., Einarsson G.V., Barkardottir R.B., Jonsson E., Jinga V., Mates D., Kiemeney L.A., Neal D.E., Thorsteinsdottir U., Rafnar T., Stefansson K. Genetic correction of PSA values using sequence variants associated with PSA levels. Sci Transl Med. 2010 Dec 15; 2(62): 62ra92. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001513.Kim S., Shin C., Jee S.H. Genetic variants at 1q32.1, 10q11.2 and 19q13.41 are associated with prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer screening in two Korean population-based cohort studies. Gene. 2015 Feb 10; 556(2): 199–205. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.059.Kim S., Shin C., Jee S.H. Genetic variants at 1q32.1, 10q11.2 and 19q13.41 are associated with prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer screening in two Korean population-based cohort studies. Gene. 2015 Feb 10; 556(2): 199–205. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.059.Теврюкова Н.С., Богатырев В.Н., Очиргоряев А.Б. Диагностика рака предстательной железы. Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2009; (2): 49–54.Tevryukova N.S., Bogatyrev V.N., Ochirgoryaev A.B. Prostate cancer diagnosis. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2009; (2): 49–54. (in Russian).Gilbert R., Martin R.M., Evans D.M., Tilling K., Davey Smith G., Kemp J.P., Lane J.A., Hamdy F.C., Neal D.E., Donovan J.L., Metcalfe C. Incorporating Known Genetic Variants Does Not Improve the Accuracy of PSA Testing to Identify High Risk Prostate Cancer on Biopsy. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 2; 10(10): e0136735. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136735.Gilbert R., Martin R.M., Evans D.M., Tilling K., Davey Smith G., Kemp J.P., Lane J.A., Hamdy F.C., Neal D.E., Donovan J.L., Metcalfe C. Incorporating Known Genetic Variants Does Not Improve the Accuracy of PSA Testing to Identify High Risk Prostate Cancer on Biopsy. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 2; 10(10): e0136735. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136735.Liss M.A., Xu J., Chen H., Kader A.K. Prostate genetic score (PGS33) is independently associated with risk of prostate cancer in the PLCO trial. Prostate. 2015 Sep; 75(12): 1322–8. doi: 10.1002/pros.23012.Liss M.A., Xu J., Chen H., Kader A.K. Prostate genetic score (PGS33) is independently associated with risk of prostate cancer in the PLCO trial. Prostate. 2015 Sep; 75(12): 1322–8. doi: 10.1002/pros.23012.Grönberg H., Adolfsson J., Aly M., Nordström T., Wiklund P., Brandberg Y., Thompson J., Wiklund F., Lindberg J., Clements M., Egevad L., Eklund M. Prostate cancer screening in men aged 50-69 years (STHLM3): a prospective population-based diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Dec; 16(16): 1667–76. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00361-7.Grönberg H., Adolfsson J., Aly M., Nordström T., Wiklund P., Brandberg Y., Thompson J., Wiklund F., Lindberg J., Clements M., Egevad L., Eklund M. Prostate cancer screening in men aged 50-69 years (STHLM3): a prospective population-based diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Dec; 16(16): 1667–76. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00361-7.Лисицкая К.В., Крахмалева И.Н., Шишкин С.С. Изучение однонуклеотидного полиморфизма семи генов (GHR, IGFBP3, IGFR1, IRS1, FMN1, ANXA2, TAGLN) у этнических русских и у больных раком предстательной железы. Молекулярная генетика, микробиология и вирусология. 2010; 2: 34–37.Lisitskaya K.V., Krakhmaleva I.N., Shishkin S.S. Study of single-nucleotide polymorphism in seven genes (GHR, IGFBP3, IGFR1, IRS1, FMN1, ANXA2, TAGLN) in ethnic Russians and patients with prostate cancer. Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology. 2010; 25(2): 84–88. (in Russian).Оскина Н.А., Ермоленко Н.А., Боярских У.А., Лазарев А.Ф., Петрова В.Д., Ганов Д.И., Кунин И.С., Тоначева О.Г., Лифшитс Г.И., Филипенко М.Л. Изучение ассоциации однонуклеотидных полиморфных замен в генах ферментов антиоксидантной системы с риском развития рака предстательной железы в сибирском регионе России. Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2013; (3): 37–42.Oskina N.A., Ermolenko N.A., Boyarskikh U.A., Lazarev A.F., Petrova V.D., Ganov D.I., Kunin I.S., Tonacheva O.G., Lifshits G.I., Filipenko M.L. Study of association of single nucleotide polymorhisms in genes of antioxidant defence enzymes with risk of developing prostate cancer in Siberia. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2013; (3): 37–42. (in Russian).Оскина Н.А., Боярских У.А., Лазарев А.Ф., Петрова В.Д., Ганов Д.И., Тоначева О.Г., Лифшитс Г.И., Филипенко М.Л. Исследование влияния полиморфных замен в гене рецептора витамина D на риск развития рака предстательной железы в Западно-сибирском регионе РФ. Российский биотерапевтический журнал. 2011;10(4): 67–70.Oskina N.A., Boyarskikh U.A., Lazarev A.F., Petrova V.D., Ganov D.I., Tonacheva O.G., Lifshits G.I., Filipenko M.L. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer in the West Siberia. Russian Journal of Biotherapy. 2011; 10(10): 67–70. (in Russian).Ракул С.А., КамиловаТ.А., Голота А.С., Щербак С.Г. Прогностические и предиктивные биомаркеры рака предстательной железы. Онкоурология. 2017; 4(13): 111–121.Rakul S.A., Kamilova T.A., Golota A.S., Shcherbak S.G. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers of prostate cancer. Cancer Urology. 2017; 4(13): 111–121. (in Russian).Заридзе Д.Г., Каприн А.Д., Стилиди И.С. Динамика заболеваемости злокачественными новообразованиями и смертности от них в России. Вопросы онкологии. 2018; 5: 578–591.Zaridze D.G., Kaprin A.D., Stilidi I.S. Dynamics of morbidity and mortality from malignant tumors in Russia. Problems in Oncology. 2018; 5: 578–591. (in Russian).Алексеев Б.Я., Нюшко К.М., Каприн А.Д. Аналоги лютеинизирующего гормона рилизинг-гормона в терапии больных раком предстательной железы. Медицинский совет. 2018; 2(19): 96–100.Alekseev B.Ya., Nyushko K.M., Kaprin A.D. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogues in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. Medical Council. 2018; 2(19): 96–100. (in Russian).Матвеев В.Б., Киричек А.А., Савинкова А.В., Хачатурян А.В., Головина Д.А., Любченко Л.Н. Влияние терминальных мутаций в гене CHEK2 на выживаемость до биохимического рецидива и безметастатическую выживаемость после радикального лечения у больных раком предстательной железы. Онкоурология. 2018; 4(14): 53–67.Matveev V.B., Kirichek A.A., Savinkova A.V., Khachaturyan A.V., Golovina D.A., Lyubchenk L.N. Impact of germline CHEK2 mutations on biochemical relapse free survival and metastasis free survival after radical treatment for patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Urology. 2018; 4(14): 53–67. (in Russian).Гилязова И.Р., Кунсбаева Г.Б., Мустафин А.Т., Измайлов А.А., Папоян А.О., Павлов В.Н., Хуснутдинова Э.К. Роль некоторых полиморфных вариантов гена 5-альфаредуктазы в патогенезе рака предстательной железы. Медицинский вестник Башкортостана. 2017; 3(12): 70–73.Gilyazova I.R., Kunsbaeva G.B., Mustafin A.T., Izmaylov A.A., Papoyan A.O., Pavlov V.N., Khusnutdinova E.K. The role of some polymorphic variants of 5-alphareductase gene in pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Bashkortostan Medical Journal. 2017; 3(12): 70–73. (in Russian).Алексеев Б.Я. Гормональная терапия в комбинированном лечении рака предстательной железы. Вместе против рака 2004; (3): 35–38.Alekseev B.Ya. Hormone therapy in the combined treatment of prostate cancer. Together Against Cancer. 2004; (3): 35–38. (in Russian).Канаева М.Д., Воробцова И.Е. Генетические маркеры предрасположенности к возникновению рака предстательной железы. Онкоурология. 2015; 3(11): 16–23.Kanaeva M.D., Vorobtsova I.E. Genetic predisposition markers for prostate cancer. Cancer Urology. 2015; 3(11): 16–23. (in Russian).Киричек А.А., Любченко Л.Н., Матвеев В.Б. Рискадаптированный подход к скринингу рака предстательной железы. Онкоурология. 2018; 2(14): 109–121. doi: 10.17650/1726-9776-2018-14-2-109-121.Kirichek A.A., Lyubchenko L.N., Matveev V.B. Risk-adapted approach to prostate cancer screening. Cancer Urology. 2018; 14(2): 109–121. (in Russian). doi: 10.17650/1726-9776-2018-14-2-109-121.Шкурников М.Ю., Макарова Ю.А., Князев Е.Н., Зотиков А.А., Нюшко К.М., Алексеев Б.Я., Каприн А.Д. Экспрессия циркулирующих микроРНК в связи с лимфогенным метастазированием рака предстательной железы. Онкоурология. 2018; 14(2): 109–121. doi: 10.17650/1726-9776-2018-14-1-87-93.Shkurnikov M.Yu., Makarova Yu.A., Knyazev E.N., Zotikov A.A., Nyushko K.M., Alekseev B.Ya., Kaprin А.D. Circulating microRNA expression in connection with prostate cancer lymphogenous metastasis. Cancer Urology. 2018; 14(2): 109–121. (in Russian). doi: 10.17650/1726-9776-2018-14-1-87-93.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.