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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oncotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский онкологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian journal of oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1814-4861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2312-3168</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21294/1814-4861-2025-24-5-128-139</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">oncotomsk-3865</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Перспективы эпигенетических исследований нейрофиброматоза 1-го типа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Prospects for epigenetic research in neurofibromatosis type 1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-382X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафин</surname><given-names>Р. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mustafin</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мустафин Рустам Наилевич, кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры медицинской генетики и фундаментальной медицины, ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет»</p><p>SPIN-код: 4810-2535</p><p>450008, Уфа, ул. Ленина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Lenin St., Ufa, 450008</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ruji79@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>128</fpage><lpage>139</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мустафин Р.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мустафин Р.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mustafin R.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/3865">https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/3865</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Нейрофиброматоз 1-го типа (НФ1) является моногенной болезнью с выраженным клиническим полиморфизмом. При НФ1 определяется повышенный риск развития злокачественных опухолей из оболочек периферических нервов, лейкоза, стромальных опухолей желудочно-кишечного тракта, рака молочной железы, рабдомиосаркомы, карционоидов и феохромацитомы. Мутации в гене NF1 служат драйверами различных спорадических злокачественных опухолей. Цель исследования – оценить механизмы влияния эпигенетических факторов на развитие НФ1 и возможность их использования в диагностике и лечении болезни.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Поиск соответствующих источников проводился в системах Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Elibrary, включая публикации с февраля 1995 по февраль 2025 г. Из 1 432 найденных научных статей 56 были использованы для написания систематического обзора.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Анализ литературы показал, что мРНК гена NF1 является мишенью 13 микроРНК, участвующих также в канцерогенезе спорадических опухолей нервной системы (miR-9, miR-10b, miR-16, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-27b-3p, miR-34a, miR-125a-3p, miR-128-3p, miR-137-3p, miR-147a, miR-193b, miR204-5p). Кроме того, имеются свидетельства эволюционной и функциональной взаимосвязи гена NF1 с ретроэлементами: образование 12 псевдогенов NF1 на 7 разных хромосомах с помощью ферментов ретроэлементов, в интронах гена содержатся Alu и LINE, являющиеся источниками альтернативного сплайсинга и рекомбинаций, наличие горячих точек инсерционного мутагенеза.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Генетические исследования не подтвердили роль генов-модификаторов в качестве провоцирующих факторов развития и прогрессирования опухолевого синдрома при НФ1. Однако определена роль изменений экспрессии специфических микроРНК при формировании кожных, подкожных и плексиформных нейрофибром, злокачественных опухолей из оболочек периферических нервов. Данный факт позволяет предположить перспективность исследования роли эпигенетических факторов в патогенезе болезни с целью таргетной терапии развивающихся опухолей. Сделано предположение, что дальнейшее исследование взаимосвязей гена NF1 с ретроэлементами позволит определить новые пути лечения НФ1 и спорадических опухолей с воздействием на «порочный круг», описанный в отношении взаимосвязи других генов-супрессоров опухолей с ретроэлементами. В частности, предполагается использование произошедших от ретроэлементов микроРНК, мишенями которых является мРНК гена NF1.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a monogenic disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. NF1 is associated with increased risk of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), leukemia, gastrointestinal and breast cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, carcinoid tumors, and pheochromocytoma. NF1 gene mutations serve as drivers of various sporadic malignancies. the purpose of the study was to evaluate the mechanisms by which epigenetic factors influence the development of NF1 and the potential for their use in diagnosis and treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. The search for relevant sources was carried out in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Elibrary, including publications from February 1995 to February 2025. Of the 1432 scientific articles found, 56 were used to write the review.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. An analysis of scientific literature showed that NF1 mRNA is a target of 13 microRNAs that are also involved in carcinogenesis of sporadic nervous system tumors (miR-9, miR-10b, miR-16, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-27b-3p, miR-34a, miR125a-3p, miR-128-3p, miR-137-3p, miR-147a, miR-193b, miR-204-5p). There is evidence of an evolutionary and functional relationship between NF1 gene and retroelements: the formation of 12 NF1 pseudogenes on 7 different chromosomes with the help of retroelement enzymes, NF1 introns contain Alu and LINE, which are sources of alternative splicing and recombination, and the presence of insertional mutagenesis hot spots in NF1.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Genetic studies have not confirmed the role of modifier genes as triggers for the development and progression of tumor syndrome in NF1. However, changes in the expression of specific microRNAs have been identified in the development of cutaneous, subcutaneous, and plexiform neurofibromas, MPNST. This suggests the potential of studying of epigenetic factors in NF1 pathogenesis for targeted therapy. Further studies of the relationship between the NF1 gene and retroelements will identify new treatment options for NF1 and sporadic tumors by addressing the “vicious cycle” described in the relationship between other tumor suppressor genes and retroelements.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ген NF1</kwd><kwd>злокачественные опухоли</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>нейрофибромы</kwd><kwd>нейрофибромин</kwd><kwd>псевдогены</kwd><kwd>эпигенетические факторы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>NF1 gene</kwd><kwd>malignant tumors</kwd><kwd>microRna</kwd><kwd>neurofibromas</kwd><kwd>neurofibromin</kwd><kwd>pseudogenes</kwd><kwd>epigenetic factors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim Z., Gu T.Y., Tai B.C., Puhaindran M.E. 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