oncotomskСибирский онкологический журналSiberian journal of oncology1814-48612312-3168Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.21294/1814-4861-2025-24-6-127-137oncotomsk-3957Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSПерепрофилирование эзопиклона, небензодиазепинового модулятора ГАМК-А, в сочетании с иммунотерапией PD-1/PD-L1 для перепрограммирования микроокружения глиомы – перспективаRepurposing Eszopiclone A Non-Benzodiazepine GABA-A Modulator Synergizing with PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy to Reprogram the Glioma Microenvironment – A Perspectivehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5480-1688MaherMonir AklMaherMonir Ak

Maher Monir Akl - студент, медицинский факультет.

Нижний Новгород

Maher Monir Akl - student, Faculty of Medicine.

Nizhny Novgorod

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3477-236XAmrAhmedAmrAhmed

Amr Ahmed - врач, Департамент общественного здравоохранения.

Эр-Рияд

Amr Ahmed - Physician, The Public Health Department.

Riyadh

Национальный исследовательский государственный университет им. ЛобачевскогоРоссияNational Research Lobachevsky State UniversityRussian FederationДепартамент общественного здравоохранения, Первый кластер здравоохранения Эр-Рияда, Министерство здравоохраненияСаудовская АравияThe Public Health Department, Riyadh First Health Cluster, Ministry of HealthSaudi Arabia202513012026246127137Copyright © Maher M., Amr A., 20262026Maher M., Amr A.Maher M., Amr A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/3957Актуальность

Актуальность. Глиома, особенно мультиформная глиобластома, является наиболее агрессивной формой первичной опухоли головного мозга, характеризующейся быстрой пролиферацией, метаболической пластичностью и выраженным иммунодепрессивным микроокружением опухоли (МОО). Недавно было установлено, что нарушение гомеостаза хлорида, глутаматергическая эксайтотоксичность и аномальная ГАМК-ергическая сигнализация являются механистическими факторами, способствующими прогрессированию глиомы и уклонению от иммунного ответа.

Цель исследования – представить эзопиклон, небензодиазепиновый модулятор рецепторов ГАМК-А, в качестве вспомогательного средства, способного перепрограммировать метаболизм глиомы и повышать чувствительность к иммунотерапии PD-1/PD-L1.

Материал и методы

Материал и методы. Проведен обзор литературы, полученной из баз данных PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science и Science Direct. Всего было проанализировано 312 источников; для детального анализа отобрано 154 статьи, опубликованные в период с 2005 по 2024 г., основанные на изучении АМК-ергической системы, метаболизма глиомы, поляризации макрофагов, регуляции хлоридных каналов и взаимодействия иммунных контрольных точек.

Результаты

Результаты. Активация ГАМК-А под действием эзопиклона восстанавливает приток хлорида и подавляет вызванные деполяризацией сигналы Ca²+/NFAT и PI3K/AKT/mTOR, что приводит к остановке клеточного цикла в фазе G1/S и повышению восприимчивости к апоптозу. В микроокружении опухоли сигнализация ГАМК-А снижает фосфорилирование NF-κB и STAT3 и сдвигает поляризацию микроглии/глиомоассоциированных макрофагов от проопухолевой M2 (CD206+/IL-10+) к противоопухолевой M1 (iNOS+/IFN-γ+), способствуя улучшению презентации антигенов и инфильтрации Т-клеток. Данные, полученные от исследований на ГАМКэргических моделях меланомы и рака молочной железы, свидетельствуют о том, что модуляция этой оси может снижать экспрессию PD-L1 и усиливать чувствительность к ингибиторам PD-1/PD-L1, что указывает на синергетический эффект при глиоме.

Заключение

Заключение. Перепрофилирование эзопиклона представляет собой новую нейроиммуноонкологическую терапевтическую концепцию, объединяющую нейрофармакологию и иммунотерапию контрольных точек. Благодаря способности проникать через гематоэнцефалический барьер, клинической безопасности и селективности к рецепторам, эзопиклон является перспективным кандидатом для комбинированных стратегий с блокадой PD-1/PD-L1. Для подтверждения его иммуномодулирующего потенциала и определения его трансляционной значимости в терапии глиом необходимы дальнейшие доклинические исследования, ретроспективный анализ и исследования ранних фаз.

Background

Background. Gliomas especially glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are among the most aggressive primary brain tumors, characterized by rapid proliferation, metabolic plasticity, and a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Dysregulation of chloride homeostasis, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and aberrant GABAergic signaling have recently emerged as mechanistic contributors to glioma progression and immune evasion.

Purpose of the Study

Purpose of the Study: to propose eszopiclone, a non-benzodiazepine GABA-A receptor modulator, as a repurposed adjunct capable of reprogramming glioma metabolism and enhancing responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Material and Methods. A narrative perspective review was conducted based on literature retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. A total of 312 sources were screened; 154 articles published between 2005 and 2024 were selected for detailed analysis based on relevance to GABAergic signaling, glioma metabolism, macrophage polarization, chloride channel regulation, and immune checkpoint interactions.

Results

Results. Eszopiclone-mediated GABA-A activation restores chloride influx and suppresses depolarization-driven Ca²+/NFAT and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, resulting in G1/S arrest and enhanced apoptotic susceptibility. Within the TME, GABA-A signaling reduces NF-κB and STAT3 phosphorylation and shifts microglia/glioma-associated macrophages from protumoral M2 (CD206+/IL-10+) to antitumoral M1 (iNOS+/IFN-γ+) polarization, facilitating improved antigen presentation and T-cell infiltration. Evidence from GABAergic models in melanoma and breast cancer suggests that modulation of this axis may downregulate PD-L1 expression and potentiate responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, supporting a mechanistic rationale for synergy in glioma.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Repurposing eszopiclone introduces a novel neuroimmuno-oncologic therapeutic concept bridging neuropharmacology and checkpoint immunotherapy. Owing to its blood-brain-barrier penetration, clinical safety, and receptor selectivity, eszopiclone represents a feasible candidate for combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Further preclinical models, retrospective analyses, and early-phase trials are warranted to validate its immunomodulatory potential and define its translational relevance in glioma therapy.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.