oncotomskСибирский онкологический журналSiberian journal of oncology1814-48612312-3168Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.21294/1814-4861-2025-24-6-138-148oncotomsk-3958Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSПрепараты на основе онколитических вирусов как перспективные средства для лечения глиобластомыOncolytic viruses as promising agents for treating glioblastomahttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-1695-4756ВенглерД. С.VenglerD. E.

Венглер Денис Сергеевич - лаборант, научно-исследовательский отдел онкологии и радиотерапии, Институт онкологии и нейрохирургии, НМИЦ им. Е.Н. Мешалкина Минздрава России; студент 6-го курса, Институт медицины и медицинских технологий, Новосибирский НИГУ.

630055, Новосибирск, ул. Речкуновская, 15; 630090, Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, 1

Denis S. Vengler - Laboratory Assistant, Research Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology and Neurosurgery, E.N. Meshalkin NMRC, MHR; 6th-year student, Institute of Medicine and Medical Technologies, Novosibirsk NRSU.

15, Rechkunovskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630055; 2, Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3145-1878КулигинаЕ. В.KuliginaE. V.

Кулигина Елена Владимировна - кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии.

SPIN-код: 2625-8857.

Researcher ID (WOS): G-5565-2013.

Author ID (Scopus): 6701589980.

630090, Новосибирск, пр. Лаврентьева, 8

Elena V. Kuligina - PhD, Senior Researcher, Biotechnology Laboratory.

Researcher ID (WOS): G-5565-2013.

Author ID (Scopus): 6701589980.

8, Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0392-794XВасильеваН. С.VasilevaN. S.

Васильева Наталья Сергеевна - научный сотрудник лаборатории геномного редактирования.

630090, Новосибирск, пр. Лаврентьева, 8

Natalia S. Vasileva - Researcher, Laboratory of Genome Editing.

8, Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5849-5892РихтерВ. А.RichterV. A.

Рихтер Владимир Александрович - доктор биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией биотехнологии.

SPIN-код: 7182-1120.

Researcher ID (WOS): G-9750-2013.

Author ID (Scopus): 700440581.

630090, Новосибирск, пр. Лаврентьева, 8

Vladimir A. Richter - DSc, Head of the Biotechnology Laboratory.

Researcher ID (WOS): G-9750-2013.

Author ID (Scopus): 7004405816.

8, Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8194-2811ЧернышоваА. Л.ChernyshovаA. L.

Чернышова Алена Леонидовна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор РАН, директор, Институт онкологии и нейрохирургии, НМИЦ им. Е.Н. Мешалкина Минздрава России; профессор кафедры онкологии, Новосибирский НИГУ.

SPIN-код: 2522-7513.

Researcher ID (WOS): C-8608-2012.

630055, Новосибирск, ул. Речкуновская, 15; 630090, Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, 1

Alena L. Chernyshova - MD, DSc, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director, Institute of Oncology and Neurosurgery, E.N. Meshalkin NMRC, MHR; Professor, Department of Oncology, Novosibirsk NRSU.

Researcher ID (WOS): C-8608-2012.

15, Rechkunovskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630055; 2, Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-943XТамковичС. Н.TamkovichS. N.

Тамкович Светлана Николаевна - кандидат биологических наук, доцент, заведующая научно-исследовательским отделом онкологии и радиотерапии, Институт онкологии и нейрохирургии, НМИЦ им. Е.Н. Мешалкина Минздрава России; доцент кафедры клинической биохимии, Институт медицины и медицинских технологий, Новосибирский НИГУ; старший научный сотрудник, Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины СО РАН.

SPIN-код: 6462-3700.

Researcher ID (WOS): G-9790-2013.

Author ID (Scopus): 7801643574.

630055, Новосибирск, ул. Речкуновская, 15; 630090, Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, 1; 630090, Новосибирск, пр. Лаврентьева, 8

Svetlana N. Tamkovich - PhD, Associate Professor, Head of the Research Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology and Neurosurgery, E.N. Meshalkin NMRC, MHR; Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine and Medical Technologies, Novosibirsk NRSU; Senior Researcher, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the RAS.

Researcher ID (WOS): G-9790-2013.

Author ID (Scopus): 7801643574.

15, Rechkunovskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630055; 2, Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090; 8, Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090

Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. Е.Н. Мешалкина Минздрава России; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университетРоссияE.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia; Novosibirsk National Research State UniversityRussian FederationИнститут химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр им. Е.Н. Мешалкина Минздрава России; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет; Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияE.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia; Novosibirsk National Research State University; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202513012026246138148Copyright © Венглер Д.С., Кулигина Е.В., Васильева Н.С., Рихтер В.А., Чернышова А.Л., Тамкович С.Н., 20262026Венглер Д.С., Кулигина Е.В., Васильева Н.С., Рихтер В.А., Чернышова А.Л., Тамкович С.Н.Vengler D.E., Kuligina E.V., Vasileva N.S., Richter V.A., Chernyshovа A.L., Tamkovich S.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/3958Введение

Введение. Актуальность исследований глиобластомы обусловлена ее высокой агрессивностью, почти 100 % смертностью, отсутствием эффективного лечения и катастрофическим воздействием на качество жизни пациентов. Несмотря на десятилетия исследований, стандартная терапия лишь незначительно продлевает жизнь, но не излечивает болезнь. Это делает глиобластому областью поиска прорывных научных решений в нейроонкологии, иммунотерапии, таргетной терапии и персонализированной медицине. Заболевание поражает людей трудоспособного возраста (с пиком заболеваемости между 45 и 70 годами), нанося социальный ущерб. Высокая стоимость лечения и паллиативной помощи усугубляет проблему.

Цель исследования – обобщить и систематизировать данные о современных подходах к лечению глиобластомы. Провести анализ данных по терапевтическим и побочным эффектам онколитических вирусов.

Материал и методы

Материал и методы. С помощью электронных ресурсов поисковых систем PubMed, eLIBRARY, Springer, Google Scholar и др. проведен обзор литературы, содержащей доказательные экспериментальные и клинические данные по обсуждаемым вопросам, за последние 10 лет.

Результаты

Результаты. Современные подходы к лечению глиом включают хирургическое лечение, химиотерапию и лучевую терапию. Разработанная в настоящее время виротерапия глиом головного мозга, сочетающая в себе высокую специфичность к опухолевым клеткам и способность стимулировать противоопухолевый иммунный ответ, представляется чрезвычайно перспективной. Современные исследования демонстрируют эффективность онколитической терапии против различных типов опухолей, в том числе резистентных к традиционным методам лечения. Безопасность виротерапии подтверждена клиническими исследованиями: большинство вирусов избирательно воздействуют на клетки глиомы, что сводит к минимуму повреждение здоровых тканей. Однако остаются вопросы по оптимизации дозировок онколитических вирусных препаратов и преодолению противовирусного иммунного ответа. Кроме того, разрабатываются методы доставки вирусов к опухолям.

Заключение

Заключение. Терапия глиобластомы с помощью онколитических вирусов считается одним из наиболее перспективных методов лечения. В настоящее время онколитические вирусы проходят различные стадии исследований, причем многие из них показывают многообещающие результаты на животных моделях. Дальнейшие исследования в этой области могут привести к созданию новых персонализированных методов лечения, улучшающих прогноз для пациентов с солидными опухолями.

Background

Background. Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive, difficult-to-treat brain cancer with a poor prognosis, high mortality, and a significant impact on quality of life. Despite decades of research, standard treatments can extend life, but do not cure the disease, making it a focus for new research in neuro-oncology, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and personalized medicine. The disease affects people of working age (with peak incidence between 45 and 70 years of age), causing damage to families and society. High costs of treatment and palliative care exacerbate the problem. the purpose of the study was to summarize data on modern approaches to the treatment of glioblastoma and to analyze efficacy and side effects of oncolytic virus therapy.

Material and Methods

Material and Methods. The literature review of studies published over the past 10 years was conducted using PubMed, eLIBRARY, Springer, Google Scholar, etc. databases.

Results

Results. Modern glioma therapy uses a multidisciplinary approach combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Oncolytic virotherapy for brain glioma is a promising field because it uses viruses to selectively target to cancer cells while also stimulating an immune response against the tumor. Current research confirms that oncolytic therapy is effective against a variety of tumors including those that are resistant to traditional treatments. Clinical studies show that virotherapy can be a safe treatment because viruses are often engineered to be selective for cancer cells like glioma, minimizing damage to healthy tissue, although questions remain about optimizing dosage and overcoming the immune response.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Oncolytic virotherapy is a highly promising approach for the treatment of glioblastoma. Oncolytic viruses are currently in various stages of research, and have promise in animal models, with the potential to lead to new personalized treatments for solid tumors. 

глиобластомавиротерапияонколитический вирус для лечения глиобластомывирус коровьей оспырецидивирующая глиобластомасовременные подходы к лечению глиобластомыglioblastomavirotherapyoncolytic virus for the treatment of glioblastomavaccinia virusrecurrent glioblastomamodern approaches to the treatment of glioblastomaИсследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-14-00390 (https:// rscf.ru/en/project/24-14-00390/)The study was supported by the grant No. 24-14-00390 from the Russian Science Foundation (https://rscf. ru/en/project/24-14-00390/)ReferencesWeller M., van den Bent M., Preusser M., Le Rhun E., Tonn J.C., Minniti G., Bendszus M., Balana C., Chinot O., Dirven L., French P., Hegi M.E., Jakola A.S., Platten M., Roth P., Rudà R., Short S., Smits M., Taphoorn M.J.B., von Deimling A., Westphal M., Soffietti R., Reifenberger G., Wick W. EANO guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse gliomas of adulthood. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021; 18(3): 170–86. doi: 10.1038/s41571-020-00447-z.Weller M., van den Bent M., Preusser M., Le Rhun E., Tonn J.C., Minniti G., Bendszus M., Balana C., Chinot O., Dirven L., French P., Hegi M.E., Jakola A.S., Platten M., Roth P., Rudà R., Short S., Smits M., Taphoorn M.J.B., von Deimling A., Westphal M., Soffietti R., Reifenberger G., Wick W. EANO guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse gliomas of adulthood. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021; 18(3): 170–86. doi: 10.1038/s41571-020-00447-z.Schaff L.R., Mellinghoff I.K. Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults: A Review. JAMA. 2023; 329(7): 574–87. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.0023.Schaff L.R., Mellinghoff I.K. Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults: A Review. JAMA. 2023; 329(7): 574–87. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.0023.Кальянго К., Дяченко А.А., Богданов Д.В., Потехина Е.Ф., Мерабишвили В.М., Вальков М.Ю. Рост заболеваемости глиобластомой на фоне уменьшения частоты опухолей головного мозга в 2000–2020 гг.: популяционное регистровое исследование. Вопросы нейрохирургии им. Н.Н. Бурденко. 2022; 86(5): 28–36. doi: 10.17116/neiro20228605128. EDN: GHQEXS.Kalyango K., Dyachenko A.A., Bogdanov D.V., Potekhina E.F., Merabishvili V.M., Valkov M.YU. Increment of the incidence of glioblastoma following decrease in the incidence of brain tumors in 2000–2020: a population-based registry study. N.N. Burdenko’s Journal of Neurosurgery. 2022; 86(5): 28–36. (in Russian). doi: 10.17116/neiro20228605128. EDN: GHQEXS.Mousavi S.M., Shayanfar M., Rigi S., Mohammad-Shirazi M., Sharifi G., Esmaillzadeh A. Adherence to plant-based dietary patterns in relation to glioma: a case-control study. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 21819. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01212-7.Mousavi S.M., Shayanfar M., Rigi S., Mohammad-Shirazi M., Sharifi G., Esmaillzadeh A. Adherence to plant-based dietary patterns in relation to glioma: a case-control study. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 21819. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01212-7.Khanmohammadi S., Mobarakabadi M., Mohebi F. The Economic Burden of Malignant Brain Tumors. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2023; 1394: 209–21. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-14732-6_13.Khanmohammadi S., Mobarakabadi M., Mohebi F. The Economic Burden of Malignant Brain Tumors. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2023; 1394: 209–21. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-14732-6_13.Kotecha R.R., Mehta M.P. Optimizing the radiotherapy treatment planning process for glioblastoma. Neurooncol Pract. 2022; 9(5): 351–53. doi: 10.1093/nop/npac051.Kotecha R.R., Mehta M.P. Optimizing the radiotherapy treatment planning process for glioblastoma. Neurooncol Pract. 2022; 9(5): 351–53. doi: 10.1093/nop/npac051.Shoaf M.L., Desjardins A. Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Malignant Glioma and Their Application in Clinical Practice. Neurotherapeutics. 2022; 19(6): 1818–31.Shoaf M.L., Desjardins A. Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Malignant Glioma and Their Application in Clinical Practice. Neurotherapeutics. 2022; 19(6): 1818–31.Liao Y., He Y., Yang Y., Li X., Huang F. Case report: narcolepsy type 2 due to temporal lobe glioma. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99(28): e21002. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021002.Liao Y., He Y., Yang Y., Li X., Huang F. Case report: narcolepsy type 2 due to temporal lobe glioma. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99(28): e21002. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021002.Meredith D.M., Pisapia D.J. 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Brain Tumors. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2023; 29(6): 1638–61. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001355.Meredith D.M., Pisapia D.J. 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Brain Tumors. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2023; 29(6): 1638–61. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001355.Ostrom Q.T., Cioffi G., Waite K., Kruchko C., Barnholtz-Sloan J.S. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014-2018. Neuro Oncol. 2021; 23(12 Suppl 2): iii1-iii105. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab200.Ostrom Q.T., Cioffi G., Waite K., Kruchko C., Barnholtz-Sloan J.S. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014-2018. Neuro Oncol. 2021; 23(12 Suppl 2): iii1-iii105. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab200.Arita H., Matsushita Y., Machida R., Yamasaki K., Hata N., Ohno M., Yamaguchi S., Sasayama T., Tanaka S., Higuchi F., Iuchi T., Saito K., Kanamori M., Matsuda K.I., Miyake Y., Tamura K., Tamai S., Nakamura T., Uda T., Okita Y., Fukai J., Sakamoto D., Hattori Y., Pareira E.S., Hatae R., Ishi Y., Miyakita Y., Tanaka K., Takayanagi S., Otani R., Sakaida T., Kobayashi K., Saito R., Kurozumi K., Shofuda T., Nonaka M., Suzuki H., Shibuya M., Komori T., Sasaki H., Mizoguchi M., Kishima H., Nakada M., Sonoda Y., Tominaga T., Nagane M., Nishikawa R., Kanemura Y., Kuchiba A., Narita Y., Ichimura K. TERT promoter mutation confers favorable prognosis regardless of 1p/19q status in adult diffuse gliomas with IDH1/2 mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2020; 8(1): 201. doi: 10.1186/s40478-020-01078-2.Arita H., Matsushita Y., Machida R., Yamasaki K., Hata N., Ohno M., Yamaguchi S., Sasayama T., Tanaka S., Higuchi F., Iuchi T., Saito K., Kanamori M., Matsuda K.I., Miyake Y., Tamura K., Tamai S., Nakamura T., Uda T., Okita Y., Fukai J., Sakamoto D., Hattori Y., Pareira E.S., Hatae R., Ishi Y., Miyakita Y., Tanaka K., Takayanagi S., Otani R., Sakaida T., Kobayashi K., Saito R., Kurozumi K., Shofuda T., Nonaka M., Suzuki H., Shibuya M., Komori T., Sasaki H., Mizoguchi M., Kishima H., Nakada M., Sonoda Y., Tominaga T., Nagane M., Nishikawa R., Kanemura Y., Kuchiba A., Narita Y., Ichimura K. TERT promoter mutation confers favorable prognosis regardless of 1p/19q status in adult diffuse gliomas with IDH1/2 mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2020; 8(1): 201. doi: 10.1186/s40478-020-01078-2.Ghiaseddin A.P., Shin D., Melnick K., Tran D.D. Tumor Treating Fields in the Management of Patients with Malignant Gliomas. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2020; 21(9): 76. doi: 10.1007/s11864-020-00773-5.Ghiaseddin A.P., Shin D., Melnick K., Tran D.D. Tumor Treating Fields in the Management of Patients with Malignant Gliomas. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2020; 21(9): 76. doi: 10.1007/s11864-020-00773-5.Dhingra S., Koshy M., Korpics M. Limited survival benefit in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma post-2016: a SEER population based registry analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2025; 151(6): 179. doi: 10.1007/s00432-025-06171-4.Dhingra S., Koshy M., Korpics M. Limited survival benefit in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma post-2016: a SEER population based registry analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2025; 151(6): 179. doi: 10.1007/s00432-025-06171-4.Ruff M.W., Uhm J. Anaplastic Glioma: Treatment Approaches in the Era of Molecular Diagnostics. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2018; 19(12): 61. doi: 10.1007/s11864-018-0579-0.Ruff M.W., Uhm J. Anaplastic Glioma: Treatment Approaches in the Era of Molecular Diagnostics. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2018; 19(12): 61. doi: 10.1007/s11864-018-0579-0.Tabrizi S., Shih H.A. The path forward for radiation therapy in the management of low-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2020; 22(6): 748–49. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa085.Tabrizi S., Shih H.A. The path forward for radiation therapy in the management of low-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2020; 22(6): 748–49. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa085.von Gall C. The effects of light and the circadian system on rhythmic brain function. Int. J. Mol. Sci.2022; 23(5): 2778. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052778.von Gall C. The effects of light and the circadian system on rhythmic brain function. Int. J. Mol. Sci.2022; 23(5): 2778. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052778.Gonzalez-Aponte M.F., Damato A.R., Trebucq L.L., Simon T., Cárdenas-García S.P., Cho K., Patti G.J., Golombek D.A., Chiesa J.J., Rubin J.B., Herzog E.D. Circadian regulation of MGMT expression and promoter methylation underlies daily rhythms in TMZ sensitivity in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2024; 166(3): 419–30. doi: 10.1007/s11060-023-04535-9.Gonzalez-Aponte M.F., Damato A.R., Trebucq L.L., Simon T., Cárdenas-García S.P., Cho K., Patti G.J., Golombek D.A., Chiesa J.J., Rubin J.B., Herzog E.D. Circadian regulation of MGMT expression and promoter methylation underlies daily rhythms in TMZ sensitivity in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2024; 166(3): 419–30. doi: 10.1007/s11060-023-04535-9.Logan R.W., Xue X., Ketchesin K.D., Hoffman G., Roussos P., Tseng G., McClung C.A., Seney M.L. Sex Differences in Molecular Rhythms in the Human Cortex. Biol Psychiatry. 2022; 91(1): 152–62. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.03.005.Logan R.W., Xue X., Ketchesin K.D., Hoffman G., Roussos P., Tseng G., McClung C.A., Seney M.L. Sex Differences in Molecular Rhythms in the Human Cortex. Biol Psychiatry. 2022; 91(1): 152–62. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.03.005.Louis D.N., Perry A., Wesseling P., Brat D.J., Cree I.A., FigarellaBranger D., Hawkins C., Ng H.K., Pfister S.M., Reifenberger G., Soffietti R., von Deimling A., Ellison D.W. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021; 23(8): 1231–51. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106.Louis D.N., Perry A., Wesseling P., Brat D.J., Cree I.A., FigarellaBranger D., Hawkins C., Ng H.K., Pfister S.M., Reifenberger G., Soffietti R., von Deimling A., Ellison D.W. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021; 23(8): 1231–51. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106.Poon M.T.C., Bruce M., Simpson J.E., Hannan C.J., Brennan P.M. Temozolomide sensitivity of malignant glioma cell lines – a systematic review assessing consistencies between in vitro studies. BMC Cancer. 2021; 21(1): 1240. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08972-5.Poon M.T.C., Bruce M., Simpson J.E., Hannan C.J., Brennan P.M. Temozolomide sensitivity of malignant glioma cell lines – a systematic review assessing consistencies between in vitro studies. BMC Cancer. 2021; 21(1): 1240. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08972-5.Tan A.C., Ashley D.M., López G.Y., Malinzak M., Friedman H.S., Khasraw M. Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020; 70(4): 299–312. doi: 10.3322/caac.21613.Tan A.C., Ashley D.M., López G.Y., Malinzak M., Friedman H.S., Khasraw M. Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020; 70(4): 299–312. doi: 10.3322/caac.21613.Madan R., Goyal S. Temozolomide Induced Cutaneous Reaction. Neurol India. 2022; 70(1): 435–36. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.338725.Madan R., Goyal S. Temozolomide Induced Cutaneous Reaction. Neurol India. 2022; 70(1): 435–36. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.338725.Weller M., Le Rhun E., van den Bent M., Chang S.M., Cloughesy T.F., Goldbrunner R., Hong Y.K., Jalali R., Jenkinson M.D., Minniti G., Nagane M., Razis E., Roth P., Rudà R., Tabatabai G., Wen P.Y., Short S.C., Preusser MDiagnosis and management of complications from the treatment of primary central nervous system tumors in adults. Neuro Oncol. 2023; 25(7): 1200–24. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noad038.Weller M., Le Rhun E., van den Bent M., Chang S.M., Cloughesy T.F., Goldbrunner R., Hong Y.K., Jalali R., Jenkinson M.D., Minniti G., Nagane M., Razis E., Roth P., Rudà R., Tabatabai G., Wen P.Y., Short S.C., Preusser MDiagnosis and management of complications from the treatment of primary central nervous system tumors in adults. Neuro Oncol. 2023; 25(7): 1200–24. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noad038.Weller M., Albert N.L., Galldiks N., Bink A., Preusser M., Sulman E.P., Treyer V., Wen P.Y., Tonn J.C., Le Rhun E. Targeted radionuclide therapy for gliomas: Emerging clinical trial landscape. Neuro Oncol. 2024; 26(s9): 208–14. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noae125.Weller M., Albert N.L., Galldiks N., Bink A., Preusser M., Sulman E.P., Treyer V., Wen P.Y., Tonn J.C., Le Rhun E. Targeted radionuclide therapy for gliomas: Emerging clinical trial landscape. Neuro Oncol. 2024; 26(s9): 208–14. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noae125.Song A., Bar-Ad V., Martinez N., Glass J., Andrews D.W., Judy K., Evans J.J., Farrell C.J., Werner-Wasik M., Chervoneva I., Ly M., Palmer J.D., Liu H., Shi W. Initial experience with scalp sparing radiation with concurrent temozolomide and tumor treatment fields (SPARE) for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2020; 147(3): 653–61. doi: 10.1007/s11060-020-03466-z.Song A., Bar-Ad V., Martinez N., Glass J., Andrews D.W., Judy K., Evans J.J., Farrell C.J., Werner-Wasik M., Chervoneva I., Ly M., Palmer J.D., Liu H., Shi W. Initial experience with scalp sparing radiation with concurrent temozolomide and tumor treatment fields (SPARE) for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2020; 147(3): 653–61. doi: 10.1007/s11060-020-03466-z.Chen R.J., Arora R.D., Menezes R.G. Vinca Alkaloid Toxicity. 2024. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. [Internet]. [cited 11.10.2025]. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557842/.Chen R.J., Arora R.D., Menezes R.G. Vinca Alkaloid Toxicity. 2024. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. [Internet]. [cited 11.10.2025]. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557842/.Martino E., Casamassima G., Castiglione S., Cellupica E., Pantalone S., Papagni F., Rui M., Siciliano A.M., Collina S. Vinca alkaloids and analogues as anti-cancer agents: Looking back, peering ahead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2018; 28(17): 2816–26. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.044.Martino E., Casamassima G., Castiglione S., Cellupica E., Pantalone S., Papagni F., Rui M., Siciliano A.M., Collina S. Vinca alkaloids and analogues as anti-cancer agents: Looking back, peering ahead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2018; 28(17): 2816–26. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.044.Blonski M., Obara T., Brzenczek C., Pouget C., Dillier C., Meyer M., Lavigne L., Forthoffer N., Broussois A., Gauchotte G., Baron M.H., Rech F., Mézières S., Gaudeau Y., Verger A., Vogin G., Anxionnat R., Moureaux J.M., Taillandier L. Initial PCV Chemotherapy Followed by Radiotherapy Is Associated With a Prolonged Response But Late Neurotoxicity in 20 Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma Patients. Front Oncol. 2022; 12: 827897. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.827897.Blonski M., Obara T., Brzenczek C., Pouget C., Dillier C., Meyer M., Lavigne L., Forthoffer N., Broussois A., Gauchotte G., Baron M.H., Rech F., Mézières S., Gaudeau Y., Verger A., Vogin G., Anxionnat R., Moureaux J.M., Taillandier L. Initial PCV Chemotherapy Followed by Radiotherapy Is Associated With a Prolonged Response But Late Neurotoxicity in 20 Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma Patients. Front Oncol. 2022; 12: 827897. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.827897.Tao G., Huang J., Moorthy B., Wang C., Hu M., Gao S., Ghose R. Potential role of drug metabolizing enzymes in chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2020; 16(11): 1109–24. doi: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1815705.Tao G., Huang J., Moorthy B., Wang C., Hu M., Gao S., Ghose R. Potential role of drug metabolizing enzymes in chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2020; 16(11): 1109–24. doi: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1815705.Ali K., Sial A.A., Baig M.T., Ansari S.H., Adil S.O., Shamsi T.S. Detection of the Incidence of Infections and Acute Biochemical Changes in Diffused Large B-Cell Lymphoma Patients Treated with Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine and Prednisone (CHOP) with and without Rituximab. Curr Drug Saf. 2018; 13(2): 102–106. doi: 10.2174/1574886313666180321114839.Ali K., Sial A.A., Baig M.T., Ansari S.H., Adil S.O., Shamsi T.S. Detection of the Incidence of Infections and Acute Biochemical Changes in Diffused Large B-Cell Lymphoma Patients Treated with Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine and Prednisone (CHOP) with and without Rituximab. Curr Drug Saf. 2018; 13(2): 102–106. doi: 10.2174/1574886313666180321114839.Timmins H.C., Li T., Kiernan M.C., Horvath L.G., Goldstein D., Park S.B. Quantification of Small Fiber Neuropathy in Chemotherapy-Treated Patients. J Pain. 2020; 21(1-2): 44–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.06.011.Timmins H.C., Li T., Kiernan M.C., Horvath L.G., Goldstein D., Park S.B. Quantification of Small Fiber Neuropathy in Chemotherapy-Treated Patients. J Pain. 2020; 21(1-2): 44–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.06.011.Friedman H.S., Prados M.D., Wen P.Y., Mikkelsen T., Schiff D., Abrey L.E., Yung W.K.A., Paleologos N., Nicholas M.K., Jensen R., Vredenburgh J., Huang J., Zheng M., Cloughesy T. Bevacizumab Alone and in Combination With Irinotecan in Recurrent Glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2023; 41(32): 4945–52. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.02772.Friedman H.S., Prados M.D., Wen P.Y., Mikkelsen T., Schiff D., Abrey L.E., Yung W.K.A., Paleologos N., Nicholas M.K., Jensen R., Vredenburgh J., Huang J., Zheng M., Cloughesy T. Bevacizumab Alone and in Combination With Irinotecan in Recurrent Glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2023; 41(32): 4945–52. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.02772.Nayak L., Molinaro A.M., Peters K., Clarke J.L., Jordan J.T., de Groot J., Nghiemphu L., Kaley T., Colman H., McCluskey C., Gaffey S., Smith T.R., Cote D.J., Severgnini M., Yearley J.H., Zhao Q., Blumenschein W.M., Duda D.G., Muzikansky A., Jain R.K., Wen P.Y., Reardon D.A. Randomized Phase II and Biomarker Study of Pembrolizumab plus Bevacizumab versus Pembrolizumab Alone for Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2021; 27(4): 1048–57. doi: 10.1158/10780432.CCR-20-2500.Nayak L., Molinaro A.M., Peters K., Clarke J.L., Jordan J.T., de Groot J., Nghiemphu L., Kaley T., Colman H., McCluskey C., Gaffey S., Smith T.R., Cote D.J., Severgnini M., Yearley J.H., Zhao Q., Blumenschein W.M., Duda D.G., Muzikansky A., Jain R.K., Wen P.Y., Reardon D.A. Randomized Phase II and Biomarker Study of Pembrolizumab plus Bevacizumab versus Pembrolizumab Alone for Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2021; 27(4): 1048–57. doi: 10.1158/10780432.CCR-20-2500.Lee Y., Lee E., Roh T.H., Kim S.H. Bevacizumab Alone Versus Bevacizumab Plus Irinotecan in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2024; 39(34): e244. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e244.Lee Y., Lee E., Roh T.H., Kim S.H. Bevacizumab Alone Versus Bevacizumab Plus Irinotecan in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2024; 39(34): e244. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e244.van Solinge T.S., Nieland L., Chiocca E.A., Broekman M.L. Advances in local therapy for glioblastoma-taking the fight to the tumor. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022; 18(4): 221–36. doi: 10.1038/s41582-022-00621-0.van Solinge T.S., Nieland L., Chiocca E.A., Broekman M.L. Advances in local therapy for glioblastoma-taking the fight to the tumor. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022; 18(4): 221–36. doi: 10.1038/s41582-022-00621-0.Iuchi T., Inoue A., Hirose Y., Morioka M., Horiguchi K., Natsume A., Arakawa Y., Iwasaki K., Fujiki M., Kumabe T., Sakata Y. Long-term effectiveness of Gliadel implant for malignant glioma and prognostic factors for survival: 3-year results of a postmarketing surveillance in Japan. Neurooncol Adv. 2022; 4(1): vdab189. doi: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab189.Iuchi T., Inoue A., Hirose Y., Morioka M., Horiguchi K., Natsume A., Arakawa Y., Iwasaki K., Fujiki M., Kumabe T., Sakata Y. Long-term effectiveness of Gliadel implant for malignant glioma and prognostic factors for survival: 3-year results of a postmarketing surveillance in Japan. Neurooncol Adv. 2022; 4(1): vdab189. doi: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab189.Zhang J., Chen J., Lin K. Immunogenic cell death-based oncolytic virus therapy: A sharp sword of tumor immunotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol. 2024; 981: 176913. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176913.Zhang J., Chen J., Lin K. Immunogenic cell death-based oncolytic virus therapy: A sharp sword of tumor immunotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol. 2024; 981: 176913. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176913.Terrível M., Gromicho C., Matos A.M. Oncolytic viruses: what to expect from their use in cancer treatment. Microbiol Immunol. 2020; 64(7): 477–92. doi: 10.1111/1348-0421.12753.Terrível M., Gromicho C., Matos A.M. Oncolytic viruses: what to expect from their use in cancer treatment. Microbiol Immunol. 2020; 64(7): 477–92. doi: 10.1111/1348-0421.12753.Saha D., Rabkin S.D., Martuza R.L. Temozolomide antagonizes oncolytic immunovirotherapy in glioblastoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2020; 8(1): e000345. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000345.Saha D., Rabkin S.D., Martuza R.L. Temozolomide antagonizes oncolytic immunovirotherapy in glioblastoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2020; 8(1): e000345. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000345.Mondal M., Guo J., He P., Zhou D. Recent advances of oncolytic virus in cancer therapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020; 16(10): 2389–402. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1723363.Mondal M., Guo J., He P., Zhou D. Recent advances of oncolytic virus in cancer therapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020; 16(10): 2389–402. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1723363.Мельникова Е.В., Рачинская О.А., Меркулов В.А. Высокотехнологические лекарственные препараты на основе онколитических вирусов (часть 1: разработка и регистрация в КНР). Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств. 2021; 11(3): 148–59. doi: 10.30895/1991-2919-2021-11-148-159. EDN: HLUFAC.Melnikova E.V., Rachinskaya O.A., Merkulov V.A. Advanced therapy medicines based on oncolytic viruses (Part I: development and authorisation of products in China). Тhе Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 2021; 11(3): 148–59. (in Russian). doi: 10.30895/1991-2919-2021-11-148-159. EDN: HLUFAC.Todo T., Ino Y., Ohtsu H., Shibahara J., Tanaka M. A phase I/ II study of triple-mutated oncolytic herpes virus G47∆ in patients with progressive glioblastoma. Nat Commun. 2022; 13(1): 4119. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31262-y.Todo T., Ino Y., Ohtsu H., Shibahara J., Tanaka M. A phase I/ II study of triple-mutated oncolytic herpes virus G47∆ in patients with progressive glioblastoma. Nat Commun. 2022; 13(1): 4119. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31262-y.Kardani K., Sanchez Gil J., Rabkin S.D. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses for the treatment of glioma and targeting glioblastoma stem-like cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023; 13: 1206111. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206111.Kardani K., Sanchez Gil J., Rabkin S.D. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses for the treatment of glioma and targeting glioblastoma stem-like cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023; 13: 1206111. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206111.Dang J.W., Tiwari S.K., Qin Y., Rana T.M. Genome-wide Integrative Analysis of Zika-Virus-Infected Neuronal Stem Cells Reveals Roles for MicroRNAs in Cell Cycle and Stemness. Cell Rep. 2019; 27(12): 3618–28.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.059.Dang J.W., Tiwari S.K., Qin Y., Rana T.M. Genome-wide Integrative Analysis of Zika-Virus-Infected Neuronal Stem Cells Reveals Roles for MicroRNAs in Cell Cycle and Stemness. Cell Rep. 2019; 27(12): 3618–28.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.059.Zhang S., Loy T., Ng T.S., Lim X.N., Chew S.V., Tan T.Y., Xu M., Kostyuchenko V.A., Tukijan F., Shi J., Fink K., Lok S.M. A Human Antibody Neutralizes Different Flaviviruses by Using Different Mechanisms. Cell Rep. 2020; 31(4): 107584. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107584.Zhang S., Loy T., Ng T.S., Lim X.N., Chew S.V., Tan T.Y., Xu M., Kostyuchenko V.A., Tukijan F., Shi J., Fink K., Lok S.M. A Human Antibody Neutralizes Different Flaviviruses by Using Different Mechanisms. Cell Rep. 2020; 31(4): 107584. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107584.Chiocca E.A., Nakashima H., Kasai K., Fernandez S.A., Oglesbee M. Preclinical Toxicology of rQNestin34.5v.2: An Oncolytic Herpes Virus with Transcriptional Regulation of the ICP34.5 Neurovirulence Gene. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2020; 17: 871–93.Chiocca E.A., Nakashima H., Kasai K., Fernandez S.A., Oglesbee M. Preclinical Toxicology of rQNestin34.5v.2: An Oncolytic Herpes Virus with Transcriptional Regulation of the ICP34.5 Neurovirulence Gene. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2020; 17: 871–93.Larocca C.A., LeBoeuf N.R., Silk A.W., Kaufman H.L. An Update on the Role of Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in the Treatment of Melanoma: Best Practices and Future Directions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2020; 21(6): 821–32. doi: 10.1007/s40257-020-00554-8.Larocca C.A., LeBoeuf N.R., Silk A.W., Kaufman H.L. An Update on the Role of Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in the Treatment of Melanoma: Best Practices and Future Directions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2020; 21(6): 821–32. doi: 10.1007/s40257-020-00554-8.Jackson C.M., Choi J., Lim M. Mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance: Lessons from glioblastoma. Nat Immunol 2019; 20(9): 1100–109. doi: 10.1038/s41590-019-0433-y.Jackson C.M., Choi J., Lim M. Mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance: Lessons from glioblastoma. Nat Immunol 2019; 20(9): 1100–109. doi: 10.1038/s41590-019-0433-y.Zhou C., Chen Q., Chen Y., Qin C.F. Oncolytic Zika Virus: New Option for Glioblastoma Treatment. DNA Cell Biol. 2023; 42(6): 267–73.Zhou C., Chen Q., Chen Y., Qin C.F. Oncolytic Zika Virus: New Option for Glioblastoma Treatment. DNA Cell Biol. 2023; 42(6): 267–73.Chen Q., Wu J., Ye Q., Ma F., Zhu Q., Wu Y., Shan C., Xie X., Li D., Zhan X., Li C., Li X.F., Qin X., Zhao T., Wu H., Shi P.Y., Man J., Qin C.F. Treatment of Human Glioblastoma with a Live Attenuated Zika Virus Vaccine Candidate. mBio. 2018; 9(5): e01683-18. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01683-18.Chen Q., Wu J., Ye Q., Ma F., Zhu Q., Wu Y., Shan C., Xie X., Li D., Zhan X., Li C., Li X.F., Qin X., Zhao T., Wu H., Shi P.Y., Man J., Qin C.F. Treatment of Human Glioblastoma with a Live Attenuated Zika Virus Vaccine Candidate. mBio. 2018; 9(5): e01683-18. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01683-18.Nair S., Mazzoccoli L., Jash A., Govero J., Bais S.S., Hu T., Fontes-Garfias C.R., Shan C., Okada H., Shresta S., Rich J.N., Shi P.Y., Diamond M.S., Chheda M.G. Zika virus oncolytic activity requires CD8+ T cells and is boosted by immune checkpoint blockade. JCI Insight. 2021; 6(1): e144619. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.144619.Nair S., Mazzoccoli L., Jash A., Govero J., Bais S.S., Hu T., Fontes-Garfias C.R., Shan C., Okada H., Shresta S., Rich J.N., Shi P.Y., Diamond M.S., Chheda M.G. Zika virus oncolytic activity requires CD8+ T cells and is boosted by immune checkpoint blockade. JCI Insight. 2021; 6(1): e144619. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.144619.Chiocca E.A., Nakashima H., Kasai K., Fernandez S.A., Oglesbee M. Preclinical Toxicology of rQNestin34.5v.2: An Oncolytic Herpes Virus with Transcriptional Regulation of the ICP34.5 Neurovirulence Gene. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2020; 17: 871–93. doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.03.028.Chiocca E.A., Nakashima H., Kasai K., Fernandez S.A., Oglesbee M. Preclinical Toxicology of rQNestin34.5v.2: An Oncolytic Herpes Virus with Transcriptional Regulation of the ICP34.5 Neurovirulence Gene. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2020; 17: 871–93. doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.03.028.Fröhlich A., Niebel D., Fietz S., Egger E., Buchner A., Sirokay J., Landsberg J. Talimogene laherparepvec treatment to overcome locoregional acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in tumor stage IIIB-IV M1c melanoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2020; 69(5): 759–69. doi: 10.1007/s00262-020-02487-x.Fröhlich A., Niebel D., Fietz S., Egger E., Buchner A., Sirokay J., Landsberg J. Talimogene laherparepvec treatment to overcome locoregional acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in tumor stage IIIB-IV M1c melanoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2020; 69(5): 759–69. doi: 10.1007/s00262-020-02487-x.Immidisetti A.V., Nwagwu C.D., Adamson D.C., Patel N.V., Carbonell A.M. Clinically Explored Virus-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Recurrent High-Grade Glioma in Adults. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(2): 138. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020138.Immidisetti A.V., Nwagwu C.D., Adamson D.C., Patel N.V., Carbonell A.M. Clinically Explored Virus-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Recurrent High-Grade Glioma in Adults. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(2): 138. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020138.Shoaf M.L., Desjardins A. Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Malignant Glioma and Their Application in Clinical Practice. Neurotherapeutics. 2022; 19(6): 1818–31. doi: 10.1007/s13311-022-01256-1.Shoaf M.L., Desjardins A. Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Malignant Glioma and Their Application in Clinical Practice. Neurotherapeutics. 2022; 19(6): 1818–31. doi: 10.1007/s13311-022-01256-1.Rius-Rocabert S., García-Romero N., García A., Ayuso-Sacido A., Nistal-Villan E. Oncolytic Virotherapy in Glioma Tumors. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(20): 7604. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207604.Rius-Rocabert S., García-Romero N., García A., Ayuso-Sacido A., Nistal-Villan E. Oncolytic Virotherapy in Glioma Tumors. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(20): 7604. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207604.Bretscher C., Marchini A. H-1 Parvovirus as a Cancer-Killing Agent: Past, Present, and Future. Viruses. 2019; 11(6): 562. doi: 10.3390/v11060562.Bretscher C., Marchini A. H-1 Parvovirus as a Cancer-Killing Agent: Past, Present, and Future. Viruses. 2019; 11(6): 562. doi: 10.3390/v11060562.Nassiri F., Patil V., Yefet L.S., Singh O., Liu J., Dang R.M.A., Yamaguchi T.N., Daras M., Cloughesy T.F., Colman H., Kumthekar P.U., Chen C.C., Aiken R., Groves M.D., Ong S.S., Ramakrishna R., Vogelbaum M.A., Khagi S., Kaley T., Melear J.M., Peereboom D.M., Rodriguez A., Yankelevich M., Nair S.G., Puduvalli V.K., Aldape K., Gao A., López-Janeiro Á., de Andrea C.E., Alonso M.M., Boutros P., Robbins J., Mason W.P., Sonabend A.M., Stupp R., Fueyo J., Gomez-Manzano C., Lang F.F., Zadeh G. Oncolytic DNX-2401 virotherapy plus pembrolizumab in recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 1/2 trial. Nat Med. 2023; 29(6): 1370–78. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02347-y.Nassiri F., Patil V., Yefet L.S., Singh O., Liu J., Dang R.M.A., Yamaguchi T.N., Daras M., Cloughesy T.F., Colman H., Kumthekar P.U., Chen C.C., Aiken R., Groves M.D., Ong S.S., Ramakrishna R., Vogelbaum M.A., Khagi S., Kaley T., Melear J.M., Peereboom D.M., Rodriguez A., Yankelevich M., Nair S.G., Puduvalli V.K., Aldape K., Gao A., López-Janeiro Á., de Andrea C.E., Alonso M.M., Boutros P., Robbins J., Mason W.P., Sonabend A.M., Stupp R., Fueyo J., Gomez-Manzano C., Lang F.F., Zadeh G. Oncolytic DNX-2401 virotherapy plus pembrolizumab in recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 1/2 trial. Nat Med. 2023; 29(6): 1370–78. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02347-y.Mauldin I.S., Jo J., Wages N.A., Yogendran L.V., Mahmutovic A., Young S.J., Lopes M.B., Slingluff C.L. Jr., Erickson L.D., Fadul C.E. Proliferating CD8+ T Cell Infiltrates Are Associated with Improved Survival in Glioblastoma. Cells. 2021; 10(12): 3378. doi: 10.3390/cells10123378.Mauldin I.S., Jo J., Wages N.A., Yogendran L.V., Mahmutovic A., Young S.J., Lopes M.B., Slingluff C.L. Jr., Erickson L.D., Fadul C.E. Proliferating CD8+ T Cell Infiltrates Are Associated with Improved Survival in Glioblastoma. Cells. 2021; 10(12): 3378. doi: 10.3390/cells10123378.Collins S.A., Shah A.H., Ostertag D., Kasahara N., Jolly D.J. Clinical development of retroviral replicating vector Toca 511 for gene therapy of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2021; 21(9): 1199–214. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1902982.Collins S.A., Shah A.H., Ostertag D., Kasahara N., Jolly D.J. Clinical development of retroviral replicating vector Toca 511 for gene therapy of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2021; 21(9): 1199–214. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1902982.Hogan D.J., Zhu J.J., Diago O.R., Gammon D., Haghighi A., Lu G., Das A., Gruber H.E., Jolly D.J., Ostertag D. Molecular Analyses Support the Safety and Activity of Retroviral Replicating Vector Toca 511 in Patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2018; 24(19): 4680–93. doi: 10.1158/10780432.CCR-18-0619.Hogan D.J., Zhu J.J., Diago O.R., Gammon D., Haghighi A., Lu G., Das A., Gruber H.E., Jolly D.J., Ostertag D. Molecular Analyses Support the Safety and Activity of Retroviral Replicating Vector Toca 511 in Patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2018; 24(19): 4680–93. doi: 10.1158/10780432.CCR-18-0619.Desjardins A., Gromeier M., Herndon J.E. 2nd, Beaubier N., Bolognesi D.P., Friedman A.H., Friedman H.S., McSherry F., Muscat A.M., Nair S., Peters K.B., Randazzo D., Sampson J.H., Vlahovic G., Harrison W.T., McLendon R.E., Ashley D., Bigner D.D. Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated with Recombinant Poliovirus. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(2): 150–61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1716435.Desjardins A., Gromeier M., Herndon J.E. 2nd, Beaubier N., Bolognesi D.P., Friedman A.H., Friedman H.S., McSherry F., Muscat A.M., Nair S., Peters K.B., Randazzo D., Sampson J.H., Vlahovic G., Harrison W.T., McLendon R.E., Ashley D., Bigner D.D. Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated with Recombinant Poliovirus. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(2): 150–61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1716435.Bhatt D.K., Daemen T. Molecular Circuits of Immune Sensing and Response to Oncolytic Virotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(9): 4691. doi: 10.3390/ijms25094691.Bhatt D.K., Daemen T. Molecular Circuits of Immune Sensing and Response to Oncolytic Virotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(9): 4691. doi: 10.3390/ijms25094691.Schin A.M., Diesterbeck U.S., Moss B. Insights into the Organization of the Poxvirus Multicomponent Entry-Fusion Complex from Proximity Analyses in Living Infected Cells. J Virol. 2021; 95(16): e0085221. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00852-21.Schin A.M., Diesterbeck U.S., Moss B. Insights into the Organization of the Poxvirus Multicomponent Entry-Fusion Complex from Proximity Analyses in Living Infected Cells. J Virol. 2021; 95(16): e0085221. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00852-21.Bidgood S.R. Continued poxvirus research: From foe to friend. PLoS Biol. 2019; 17(1): e3000124. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000124.Bidgood S.R. Continued poxvirus research: From foe to friend. PLoS Biol. 2019; 17(1): e3000124. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000124.Shi Z., Liu B., Huang C., Xie W., Cen Y., Chen L., Liang M. An oncolytic vaccinia virus armed with anti-human-PD-1 antibody and anti-human-4-1BB antibody double genes for cancer-targeted therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021; 559: 176–82. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.078.Shi Z., Liu B., Huang C., Xie W., Cen Y., Chen L., Liang M. An oncolytic vaccinia virus armed with anti-human-PD-1 antibody and anti-human-4-1BB antibody double genes for cancer-targeted therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021; 559: 176–82. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.078.Guo Z.S., Lu B., Guo Z., Giehl E., Feist M., Dai E., Liu W., Storkus W.J., He Y., Liu Z., Bartlett D.L. Vaccinia virus-mediated cancer immunotherapy: cancer vaccines and oncolytics. J Immunother Cancer. 2019; 7(1): 6. doi: 10.1186/s40425-018-0495-7.Guo Z.S., Lu B., Guo Z., Giehl E., Feist M., Dai E., Liu W., Storkus W.J., He Y., Liu Z., Bartlett D.L. Vaccinia virus-mediated cancer immunotherapy: cancer vaccines and oncolytics. J Immunother Cancer. 2019; 7(1): 6. doi: 10.1186/s40425-018-0495-7.Vasileva N., Ageenko A., Byvakina A., Sen’kova A., Kochneva G., Mishinov S., Richter V., Kuligina E. The Recombinant Oncolytic Virus VV-GMCSF-Lact and Chemotherapy Drugs against Human Glioma. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(8): 4244. doi: 10.3390/ijms25084244.Vasileva N., Ageenko A., Byvakina A., Sen’kova A., Kochneva G., Mishinov S., Richter V., Kuligina E. The Recombinant Oncolytic Virus VV-GMCSF-Lact and Chemotherapy Drugs against Human Glioma. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(8): 4244. doi: 10.3390/ijms25084244.Yadav S., Priya A., Borade D.R., Agrawal-Rajput R. Macrophage subsets and their role: co-relation with colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor and clinical relevance. Immunol Res. 2023; 71(2): 130–52. doi: 10.1007/s12026-022-09330-8.Yadav S., Priya A., Borade D.R., Agrawal-Rajput R. Macrophage subsets and their role: co-relation with colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor and clinical relevance. Immunol Res. 2023; 71(2): 130–52. doi: 10.1007/s12026-022-09330-8.Troitskaya O., Varlamov M., Nushtaeva A., Richter V., Koval O. Recombinant Lactaptin Induces Immunogenic Cell Death and Creates an Antitumor Vaccination Effect in Vivo with Enhancement by an IDO Inhibitor. Molecules. 2020; 25(12): 2804. doi: 10.3390/molecules25122804.Troitskaya O., Varlamov M., Nushtaeva A., Richter V., Koval O. Recombinant Lactaptin Induces Immunogenic Cell Death and Creates an Antitumor Vaccination Effect in Vivo with Enhancement by an IDO Inhibitor. Molecules. 2020; 25(12): 2804. doi: 10.3390/molecules25122804.Vasileva N., Ageenko A., Dmitrieva M., Nushtaeva A., Mishinov S., Kochneva G., Richter V., Kuligina E. Double Recombinant Vaccinia Virus: A Candidate Drug against Human Glioblastoma. Life (Basel). 2021; 11(10): 1084. doi: 10.3390/life11101084.Vasileva N., Ageenko A., Dmitrieva M., Nushtaeva A., Mishinov S., Kochneva G., Richter V., Kuligina E. Double Recombinant Vaccinia Virus: A Candidate Drug against Human Glioblastoma. Life (Basel). 2021; 11(10): 1084. doi: 10.3390/life11101084.Ageenko A., Vasileva N., Yusubalieva G., Sen’kova A., Romashchenko A., Gubskiy I., Zabozlaev F., Zavyalov E., Dymova M., Richter V., Kuligina E. Efficacy of Oncolytic Virus VV-GMCSF-Lact Against Immunocompetent Glioma. Cells. 2025; 14(20): 1619. doi: 10.3390/cells14201619.Ageenko A., Vasileva N., Yusubalieva G., Sen’kova A., Romashchenko A., Gubskiy I., Zabozlaev F., Zavyalov E., Dymova M., Richter V., Kuligina E. Efficacy of Oncolytic Virus VV-GMCSF-Lact Against Immunocompetent Glioma. Cells. 2025; 14(20): 1619. doi: 10.3390/cells14201619.Edwards T.G., Bloom D.C., Fisher C. The ATM and Rad3-Related (ATR) Protein Kinase Pathway Is Activated by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Required for Efficient Viral Replication. J Virol. 2018; 92(6): e01884–17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01884-17.Edwards T.G., Bloom D.C., Fisher C. The ATM and Rad3-Related (ATR) Protein Kinase Pathway Is Activated by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Required for Efficient Viral Replication. J Virol. 2018; 92(6): e01884–17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01884-17.Sharma R., Mishra A., Bhardwaj M., Singh G., Indira Harahap L.V., Vanjani S., Pan C.H., Nepali K. Medicinal chemistry breakthroughs on ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK inhibitors as prospective cancer therapeutics. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2025; 40(1): 2489720. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2025.2489720.Sharma R., Mishra A., Bhardwaj M., Singh G., Indira Harahap L.V., Vanjani S., Pan C.H., Nepali K. Medicinal chemistry breakthroughs on ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK inhibitors as prospective cancer therapeutics. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2025; 40(1): 2489720. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2025.2489720.Дымова М.А., Шнайдер Т.А., Чечеткина С.А., Петров Г.О., Малышева Д.О., Дроков Д.В., Агеенко А.Б., Васильева Н.С., Рихтер В.А., Кулигина Е.В. Цитотоксическое действие онколитического вируса VVGMCSF-Lact в отношении 3D-культур клеток глиобластомы человека U-87MG. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2023; 8(6): 162–69. doi: 10.29413/ABS.2023-8.6.15. EDN: JCNLNS.Dymova M.A., Schneider T.A., Chechetkina S.A., Petrov G.O., Malysheva D.O., Drokov D.V., Ageenko A.B., Vasilyeva N.S., Richter V.A., Kuligina E.V. Cytotoxic effect of the oncolytic virus VV-GMCSF-Lact on 3D cultures of human glioblastoma cells U-87 MG. Acta Biomed Sci. 2023; 8(6): 162–69. (in Russian). doi: 10.29413/ABS.2023-8.6.15. EDN: JCNLNS.Jia J.L., Alshamsan B., Ng T.L. Temozolomide Chronotherapy in Glioma: A Systematic Review. Curr Oncol. 2023; 30(2): 1893–902. doi: 10.3390/curroncol30020147.Jia J.L., Alshamsan B., Ng T.L. Temozolomide Chronotherapy in Glioma: A Systematic Review. Curr Oncol. 2023; 30(2): 1893–902. doi: 10.3390/curroncol30020147.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.