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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oncotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский онкологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian journal of oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1814-4861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2312-3168</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21294/1814-4861-2026-25-2-35-45</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">oncotomsk-4198</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Модель прогнозирования 90-дневной послеоперационной летальности в хирургии рака пищевода на базе технологии машинного обучения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A machine-learning-based model for predicting 90-day postoperative mortality in esophageal cancer surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9424-3825</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салимзянов</surname><given-names>К. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salimzyanov</surname><given-names>K. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Салимзянов Камиль Иршатович - онколог.</p><p>125284, Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kamil I. Salimzyanov - MD, Oncologist.</p><p>3, 2nd Botkinskiy Proezd, Moscow, 125284</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kamilsalimzyanov98@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-2364</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябов</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabov</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рябов Андрей Борисович - доктор медицинских наук, заместитель генерального директора по хирургии, ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России; руководитель отдела торакоабдоминальной онкохирургии, Московский НИОИ им. П.А. Герцена – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный МИЦР» Минздрава России.</p><p>125284, Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey B. Ryabov - MD, DSc, Deputy General Director for Surgery, National Medical Research Center of Radiology; Head of the Thoracoabdominal Oncosurgery Department, P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute – Branch of the NMRCR, MHR.</p><p>3, 2nd Botkinskiy Proezd, Moscow, 125284</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-4528</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хомяков</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khomyakov</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хомяков Владимир Михайлович - доктор медицинских наук, заведующий торакоабдоминальным хирургическим отделением.</p><p>125284, Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir M. Khomyakov - MD, DSc, Head of the Thoracoabdominal Surgery Department.</p><p>3, 2nd Botkinskiy Proezd, Moscow, 125284</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-6996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колобаев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolobaev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колобаев Илья Владимирович - кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий торакоабдоминальным хирургическим отделением.</p><p>125284, Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya V. Kolobaev - MD, PhD, Head of the Thoracoabdominal Surgery Department.</p><p>3, 2nd Botkinskiy Proezd, Moscow, 125284</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3782-7338</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смоленов</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolenov</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смоленов Евгений Игоревич - кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник, онколог.</p><p>249036, Обнинск, ул. Королева, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy I. Smolenov - MD, PhD, Oncologist.</p><p>4, Koroleva St., Obninsk, 249036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2674-5110</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салимзянов</surname><given-names>Б. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salimzyanov</surname><given-names>B. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Салимзянов Булат Иршатович - руководитель направления генеративного искусственного интеллекта.</p><p>117312, Москва, ул. Вавилова, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bulat I. Salimzyanov - Head of Generative Artificial Intelligence.</p><p>19, Vavilova St., Moscow, 117312</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский научно-исследовательский онкологический институт им. П. А. Герцена – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research institute – Branch of the National Medical Research Center of Radiology, Ministry of Health Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский радиологический научный центр имени А.Ф. Цыба – филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center – Branch of the National Medical Research Center of Radiology, Ministry of Health Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Публичное акционерное общество «Сбербанк России»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>PJSC Sberbank</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Салимзянов К.И., Рябов А.Б., Хомяков В.М., Колобаев И.В., Смоленов Е.И., Салимзянов Б.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Салимзянов К.И., Рябов А.Б., Хомяков В.М., Колобаев И.В., Смоленов Е.И., Салимзянов Б.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Salimzyanov K.I., Ryabov A.B., Khomyakov V.M., Kolobaev I.V., Smolenov E.I., Salimzyanov B.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/4198">https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/4198</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – разработка модели предоперационного прогнозирования 90-дневной летальности для оптимизации выбора тактики лечения у пациентов c резектабельным раком пищевода и кардиоэзофагеального перехода (Siewert 1).</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Проведено ретроспективное когортное исследование 225 пациентов с резектабельным раком пищевода (n=179) и кардиоэзофагеального перехода Siewert i (n=46). Проведен анализ 79 предоперационных показателей. Отбор факторов риска выполняли на основании однои многомерной логистической регрессии. Выборка случайным образом была разделена на основную и контрольную группы (70/30). Разработка прогностической шкалы осуществлялась с использованием модели множественной логистической регрессии с l1-регуляризацией и нейросети TabNet, реализующей полосвязную архитектуру с механизмом внимания и позволяющей получать оценки важности отдельных признаков. Дискриминационная способность и калибровка модели оценивались по AUC-ROC и тесту Хосмера–Лемешова.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Госпитальная летальность составила 8,9 % (n=20), 30-дневная летальность – 1,3 % (n=3), 90-дневная летальность – 6,2 % (n=14). Наиболее значимыми предикторами летального исхода явились такие факторы, как снижение массы тела более 10 % до операции, 3–4 степень дисфагии, ECOG статус ≥2, ХОБЛ, одышка до операции, обширные торакальные операции в анамнезе, N2 по классификации TNM, тесное прилежание опухоли или ее инвазия в трахею/главные бронхи, цереброваскулярные заболевания в анамнезе, сахарный диабет, осложнения в процессе или после лучевой терапии. При оценке дискриминационной способности модели логистической регрессии AUC ROC в основной группе составила 0,86 (95 % ДИ 0,79–0,92) и в контрольной группе – 0,77 (95 % ДИ 0,72–0,83). С точки зрения калибровки модель была поддержана незначимым тестом χ2 Хосмера–Лемешова в обеих когортах: χ2=1,98, df=8 (p=0,98) в основной группе и χ2=4,72, df=8 (p=0,78) в контрольной группе. В результате использования нейросети TabNet удалось достичь улучшенных показателей по метрике AUC-ROC, составивших 0,95 (ДИ 95 % 0,92–0,98) для основной группы и 0,86 (95 % ДИ 0,82–0,96) для контрольной группы, калибровка модели – χ2=8,38, df=8 (p =0,39) и χ2=9,46, df=8 (p=0,30) соответственно. Модель реализована в виде прикладного приложения и может быть использована в реальных сценариях.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработана модель предоперационного прогнозирования 90-дневной летальности на базе технологии машинного обучения, продемонстрировавшая хорошую валидность и высокий уровень дискриминационной способности. Полученные результаты подтверждают перспективность применения методов машинного обучения для решения задач клинического прогнозирования в онкологической хирургии и подчеркивают потенциал их использования в практическом здравоохранении.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to develop a preoperative model for predicting 90-day mortality to optimize treatment strategy in patients with resectable esophageal cancer and Siewert type I gastroesophageal junction cancer.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. A retrospective cohort study included 225 patients with resectable esophageal cancer (n=179) and Siewert type I gastroesophageal junction cancer (n=46). A total of 79 preoperative variables were analyzed. Risk factors were selected using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The dataset was randomly split into training and validation cohorts (70/30). The predictive model was developed using l1-regularized multivariable logistic regression and the TabNet neural network featuring a sparse attentive architecture that enables estimation of feature importance. Discriminative ability and calibration were assessed using AUCROC analysis and the Hosmer–Lemeshow test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The in-hospital mortality, 30-day mortality and 90-day mortality rates were 8.9 % (n=20), 1.3 % (n=3), and 6.2 % (n=14), respectively. The most significant predictors of mortality included preoperative weight loss &gt;10 %, grade 3–4 dysphagia, ECOG performance status ≥2, COPD, preoperative dyspnea, history of major thoracic surgery, TNM stage N2, tumor proximity to or invasion of the trachea/main bronchi, cerebrovascular disease history, diabetes mellitus, and complications during or after radiotherapy. The logistic regression model demonstrated an AUC-ROC of 0.86 (95 % Ci 0.79–0.92) in the training cohort and 0.77 (95 % CI 0.72–0.83) in the validation cohort. Calibration was supported by non-significant Hosmer–Lemeshow χ2 tests in both cohorts: χ2=1.98, df=8 (p=0.98) and χ2=4.72, df=8 (p=0.78), respectively. The TabNet neural network achieved improved discrimination with AUC-ROC values of 0.95 (95 % CI 0.92–0.98) in the training cohort and 0.86 (95 % Ci 0.82–0.96) in the validation cohort; calibration results were χ2=8.38, df=8 (p=0.39) and χ2=9.46, df=8 (p=0.30), respectively. The model has been implemented as a software application and can be used in real-world clinical scenarios.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In this study, a machine learning-based model for preoperative 90-day mortality prediction was developed. It demonstrated good validity and high discriminative performance. The findings support the promise of machine learning methods for clinical risk prediction in cancer surgery and highlight their potential for implementation in routine healthcare practice.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак пищевода</kwd><kwd>эзофагэктомия</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование риска</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>30-дневная летальность</kwd><kwd>90-дневная летальность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>esophageal cancer</kwd><kwd>upper gastrointestinal surgery</kwd><kwd>esophagectomy</kwd><kwd>risk prediction</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>30-day mortality</kwd><kwd>90-day mortality</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Это исследование не потребовало дополнительного финансирования</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study required no funding</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Low D.E., Alderson D., Cecconello I., Chang A.C., Darling G.E., DʼJourno X.B., Griffin S.M., Hölscher A.H., Hofstetter W.L., Jobe B.A., Kitagawa Y., Kucharczuk J.C., Law S.Y., Lerut T.E., Maynard N., Pera M., Peters J.H., Pramesh C.S., Reynolds J.V., Smithers B.M., van Lanschot J.J. 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