<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oncotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский онкологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian journal of oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1814-4861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2312-3168</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21294/1814-4861-2026-25-2-80-93</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">oncotomsk-4202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛАБОРАТОРНЫЕ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LABORATORY AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Комбинированная терапия темозоломидом и онколитическими вирусами потенцирует апоптоз и ингибирует миграционную активность клеток глиобластомы in vitro</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Combination of temozolomide and oncolytic viral therapy potentiates apoptosis and inhibits cell migration of glioblastoma in vitro</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0583-443X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романишин</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanishin</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Романишин Александр Олегович - инженер-лаборант лаборатории трансляционных исследований, ОНК «Институт медицины и наук о жизни»</p><p>SPIN-код: 7775-3921</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 57216789798</p><p>236041, Калининград, ул. Университетская, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander O. Romanishin - Engineer, Laboratory of Translational Research, Institute of Medicine and Life Sciences</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 57216789798</p><p>2, Universitetskaya St., Kaliningrad, 236041</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">romanishin.alexander97@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9288-842X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васильев Александр Александрович - кандидат биологических наук, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории трансляционных исследований, ОНК «Институт медицины и наук о жизни»</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 59117338100</p><p>236041, Калининград, ул. Университетская, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Vasilev - PhD, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Translational Research, Institute of Medicine and Life Sciences</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 59117338100</p><p>2, Universitetskaya St., Kaliningrad, 236041</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9885-9056</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сысоева</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sysoeva</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сысоева Вероника Юрьевна - кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории морфогенеза и репарации тканей, факультет фундаментальной медицины, Медицинский научно-образовательный институт</p><p>SPIN-код: 9473-2564</p><p>ResearcherID (WOS): ABA-1184-2021</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 6603150390</p><p>119234, Москва, Ломоносовский пр-кт, 27, к. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veronika Yu. Sysoeva - PhD, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Tissue Repair, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Medical Research and Education Institute</p><p>ResearcherID (WOS): ABA-1184-2021</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 6603150390</p><p>27, Bld. 1, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119234</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-7406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубина</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubina</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рубина Ксения Андреевна - доктор биологических наук, профессор РАН, заведующая лабораторией морфогенеза и репарации тканей, факультет фундаментальной медицины, Медицинский научно-образовательный институт</p><p>SPIN-код: 9471-2511</p><p>ResearcherID (WOS): A-8208-2014</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 7004199601</p><p>119234, Москва, Ломоносовский пр-кт, 27, к. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ksenia A. Rubina - DSc, Professor of Russian Academy of Science, Head of Laboratory of Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Tissue Repair, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Medical Research and Education Institute</p><p>ResearcherID (WOS): A-8208-2014</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 7004199601</p><p>27, Bld. 1, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119234</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-9286</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Семина Екатерина Владимировна - доктор биологических наук, заведующая лабораторией трансляционных исследований, ОНК «Институт медицины и наук о жизни», ФГАОУ ВО «Балтийский ФУ им. И. Канта»; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории морфогенеза и репарации тканей, факультет фундаментальной медицины, Медицинский научно-образовательный институт, ФГБОУ ВО «МГУ им. М. Ломоносова»</p><p>SPIN-код: 4586-4001</p><p>ResearcherID (WOS): A-8184-2014</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 35081127300</p><p>236041, Калининград, ул. Университетская, 2; 119234, Москва, Ломоносовский пр-кт, 27, к. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Semina - DSc, Head of Laboratory of Translational Research, Institute of Medicine and Life Sciences, I. Kant BFU; Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Tissue Repair, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Medical Research and Education Institute, Lomonosov MSU</p><p>ResearcherID (WOS): A-8184-2014</p><p>Author ID (Scopus): 35081127300</p><p>2, Universitetskaya St., Kaliningrad, 236041; 27, Bld. 1, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119234</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Лаборатория трансляционных исследований, ОНК «Институт медицины и наук о жизни», ФГАОУ ВО «Балтийский федеральный университет им. И. Канта»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Laboratory of Translational Research, institute of Medicine and life Sciences, I. Kant Baltic Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Лаборатория морфогенеза и репарации тканей, Медицинский научно-образовательный институт, ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Laboratory of Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Tissue Repair, Medical Research and Education institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Лаборатория трансляционных исследований, ОНК «Институт медицины и наук о жизни», ФГАОУ ВО «Балтийский федеральный университет им. И. Канта»; Лаборатория морфогенеза и репарации тканей, Медицинский научно-образовательный институт, ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Laboratory of Translational Research, institute of Medicine and life Sciences, I. Kant Baltic Federal University; Laboratory of Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Tissue Repair, Medical Research and Education institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>80</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Романишин А.О., Васильев А.А., Сысоева В.Ю., Рубина К.А., Семина Е.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Романишин А.О., Васильев А.А., Сысоева В.Ю., Рубина К.А., Семина Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Romanishin A.O., Vasilev A.A., Sysoeva V.Y., Rubina K.A., Semina E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/4202">https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/4202</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Глиобластома (ГБМ) – наиболее агрессивная форма глиомы – остается одним из самых опасных опухолевых заболеваний ЦНС, и, несмотря на существующие стандартные протоколы лечения, медиана выживаемости пациентов остается крайне низкой. Перспективным направлением в терапии ГБМ являются онколитические вирусы: в частности, простая и контролируемая система, основанная на индукции апоптоза с помощью вирусной тимидинкиназы Herpes simplex и ганцикловира, система «тимидинкиназа – ганцикловир» (ТК-ГЦВ), представляет значительный терапевтический интерес. Комбинация данного подхода с темозоломидом (ТМЗ), стандартным химиотерапевтическим агентом, позволяет одновременно воздействовать на ключевые механизмы выживания опухолевых клеток: подавление репарации ДНК и активацию апоптотической гибели. Такое комбинированное воздействие потенциально может значительно повысить эффективность терапии глиобластомы.</p><p>Цель исследования – оценить влияние комбинированного воздействия системы «тимидинкиназа – ганцикловир» (ТК-ГЦВ) и темозоломида (ТМЗ) на жизнеспособность и миграционную активность клеток глиобластомы (ГБМ) in vitro.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В работе использовали клеточные линии глиобластомы человека U87 и U251, линии эпителия почки HEK293Т/17 и первичные мезенхимальные стволовые клетки человека (МСК). Методом генной инженерии на основе плазмиды, кодирующей тимидинкиназу, были получены рекомбинантные вирусные частицы для трансдукции. Для темозоломида (ТМЗ) и ганцикловира (ГЦВ) подобраны оптимальные концентрации. Жизнеспособность оценивали с помощью MTT-теста; анализ клеточного цикла (фаза G2/M) и экспрессию белка Bax проводили методом проточной цитометрии; экспрессию генов эпителиально-мезенхимального перехода (ЭМП) – с помощью количественной ПЦР; миграционную активность – в тесте «заживления раны» in vitro.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Сочетанное воздействие ТМЗ и системы ТК-ГЦВ приводит к достоверному усилению гибели опухолевых клеток по сравнению с моновоздействием; цитотоксический эффект характеризуется значительным увеличением доли клеток глиобластом с признаками апоптоза. Среди анализируемых маркеров ЭМП в клетках глиобластом наиболее выраженное подавление экспрессии наблюдается у генов CD44, ZEB1, SNAI1, SNAI2 и VIM.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Комбинированная терапия темозоломидом и системой ТК-ГЦВ обладает синергетическим эффектом, достоверно увеличивая гибель клеток глиобластомы и подавляя их миграционную активность по сравнению с применением каждого из агентов в отдельности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant type of glioma, representing the most common and lethal primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasm in adults. Despite current therapeutic approaches, the median overall survival remains low. Oncolytic virotherapy is a highly promising alternative strategy. One such approach utilizes the Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase (HSV-TK) enzyme combined with the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV). This TK-GCV system is converted into a toxic metabolite that induces apoptosis in target cells. Combining the TK-GCV system with temozolomide (TMZ), the standard first-line chemotherapeutic agent for glioma, targets two critical survival mechanisms of GBM: DNA repair and apoptosis regulation. This combination has the potential to significantly improve therapeutic efficacy.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. We evaluated the impact of combined TK-GCV and TMZ therapy on glioblastoma cell viability and migratory capacity in vitro.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. This work employed the following cell lines: GBM cell lines U87-MG and U251-MG, HEK293T/17 cells, and human mesenchymal stem cells. Recombinant viral particles encoding the thymidine kinase (TK) gene were generated using genetic engineering techniques. Optimal concentrations of TMZ and GCV were determined. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay; cell cycle distribution (G2/M phase) and Bax expression were analyzed by flow cytometry; gene expression was quantified via quantitative PCR (qPCR); and cell migration was measured using a wound-healing assay.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The combination of TMZ and the TK-GCV system results in a significant increase in GBM cell death compared to monotherapy. Specifically, this enhanced cell death is characterized by a higher proportion of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, expression levels of EMT markers such as CD44, ZEB1, SNAI1, SNAI2, and VIM were significantly reduced under the combined treatment of TK-GCV and TMZ.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The combination of TK-GCV and TMZ demonstrates a synergistic effect between the two therapeutic approaches. Compared to each method administered separately, the combined treatment results in increased GBM cell death and reduced cell migration.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глиобластома</kwd><kwd>темозоломид</kwd><kwd>онколитические вирусы</kwd><kwd>миграция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>glioblastoma</kwd><kwd>temozolomide</kwd><kwd>oncolytic virus</kwd><kwd>migration</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа была выполнена при поддержке федеральной программы академического лидерства «Приоритет-2030» и Государственного задания МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова № 03р-23/110-03</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was supported from the Russian Federal Academic Leadership Program Priority 2030 at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University and by Russian Federation under the State Assignment No. 03r23/110-03 of Lomonosov Moscow State University</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stupp R., Mason W.P., van den Bent M.J., Weller M., Fisher B., Taphoorn M.J., Belanger K., Brandes A.A., Marosi C., Bogdahn U., Curschmann J., Janzer R.C., Ludwin S.K., Gorlia T., Allgeier A., Lacombe D., Cairncross J.G., Eisenhauer E., Mirimanoff R.O.; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor and Radiotherapy Groups; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005; 10; 352(10): 987–96. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043330.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stupp R., Mason W.P., van den Bent M.J., Weller M., Fisher B., Taphoorn M.J., Belanger K., Brandes A.A., Marosi C., Bogdahn U., Curschmann J., Janzer R.C., Ludwin S.K., Gorlia T., Allgeier A., Lacombe D., Cairncross J.G., Eisenhauer E., Mirimanoff R.O.; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor and Radiotherapy Groups; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005; 10; 352(10): 987–96. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043330.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ботезату И.В., Кондратова В.Н., Строганова А.М., Дранко С.Л., Насхлеташвили Д.Р., Лихтенштейн A.В. Метилирование промотора гена MGMT как прогностический маркер глиобластомы. Успехи молекулярной онкологии. 2025; 12(3): 70–77. doi: 10.17650/2313-805X-2025-12-3-70-77. EDN: MVJLUP.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Botezatu I.V., Kondratova V.N., Stroganova A.M., Dranko S.L., Naskhletashvili D.R., Lichtenstein A.V. Methylation of MGMT promoter as a prognostic marker of glioblastoma. Advances in Molecular Oncology. 2025; 12(3): 70–77. (in Russian). doi: 10.17650/2313-805X-2025-12-3-70-77. EDN: MVJLUP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gulaia V., Shmelev M., Romanishin A., Shved N., Farniev V., Goncharov N., Biktimirov A., Vargas I.L., Khodosevich K., Kagansky A., Kumeiko V. Single-nucleus transcriptomics of IDH1and TP53-mutant glioma stem cells displays diversified commitment on invasive cancer progenitors. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1): 18975. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23646-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulaia V., Shmelev M., Romanishin A., Shved N., Farniev V., Goncharov N., Biktimirov A., Vargas I.L., Khodosevich K., Kagansky A., Kumeiko V. Single-nucleus transcriptomics of IDH1and TP53-mutant glioma stem cells displays diversified commitment on invasive cancer progenitors. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1): 18975. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23646-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antonica F., Santomaso L., Pernici D., Petrucci L., Aiello G., Cutarelli A., Conti L., Romanel A., Miele E., Tebaldi T., Tiberi L. A slowcycling/quiescent cells subpopulation is involved in glioma invasiveness. Nat Commun. 2022; 13(1): 4767. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32448-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonica F., Santomaso L., Pernici D., Petrucci L., Aiello G., Cutarelli A., Conti L., Romanel A., Miele E., Tebaldi T., Tiberi L. A slowcycling/quiescent cells subpopulation is involved in glioma invasiveness. Nat Commun. 2022; 13(1): 4767. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32448-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erices J.I., Bizama C., Niechi I., Uribe D., Rosales A., Fabres K., Navarro-Martínez G., Torres Á., San Martín R., Roa J.C., Quezada-Monrás C. Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Invasiveness: New Insights and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(8): 7047. doi: 10.3390/ijms24087047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erices J.I., Bizama C., Niechi I., Uribe D., Rosales A., Fabres K., Navarro-Martínez G., Torres Á., San Martín R., Roa J.C., Quezada-Monrás C. Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Invasiveness: New Insights and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(8): 7047. doi: 10.3390/ijms24087047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adjei-Sowah E.A., O’Connor S.A., Veldhuizen J., Lo Cascio C., Plaisier C., Mehta S., Nikkhah M. Investigating the Interactions of Glioma Stem Cells in the Perivascular Niche at Single-Cell Resolution using a Microfluidic Tumor Microenvironment Model. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022; 9(21): e2201436. doi: 10.1002/advs.202201436.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adjei-Sowah E.A., O’Connor S.A., Veldhuizen J., Lo Cascio C., Plaisier C., Mehta S., Nikkhah M. Investigating the Interactions of Glioma Stem Cells in the Perivascular Niche at Single-Cell Resolution using a Microfluidic Tumor Microenvironment Model. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022; 9(21): e2201436. doi: 10.1002/advs.202201436.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putavet D.A., de Keizer P.L.J. Residual Disease in Glioma Recurrence: A Dangerous Liaison with Senescence. Cancers (Basel). 2021; 13(7): 1560. doi: 10.3390/cancers13071560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putavet D.A., de Keizer P.L.J. Residual Disease in Glioma Recurrence: A Dangerous Liaison with Senescence. Cancers (Basel). 2021; 13(7): 1560. doi: 10.3390/cancers13071560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masud N., Hasib M.H.H., Ibironke B., Block C., Hughes J., Ekpenyong A., Sarkar A. Exploring the heterogeneity in glioblastoma cellular mechanics using in-vitro assays and atomic force microscopy. Sci Rep. 2025; 15(1): 19302. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-04841-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masud N., Hasib M.H.H., Ibironke B., Block C., Hughes J., Ekpenyong A., Sarkar A. Exploring the heterogeneity in glioblastoma cellular mechanics using in-vitro assays and atomic force microscopy. Sci Rep. 2025; 15(1): 19302. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-04841-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao W., Xie Q. Exosomal lncRNA-Mediated Intercellular Communication Promotes Glioblastoma Chemoresistance. Cancer Immunol Res. 2021; 9(12): 1372. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-21-0846.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao W., Xie Q. Exosomal lncRNA-Mediated Intercellular Communication Promotes Glioblastoma Chemoresistance. Cancer Immunol Res. 2021; 9(12): 1372. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-21-0846.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ellert-Miklaszewska A., Poleszak K., Pasierbinska M., Kaminska B. Integrin Signaling in Glioma Pathogenesis: From Biology to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(3): 888. doi: 10.3390/ijms21030888.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ellert-Miklaszewska A., Poleszak K., Pasierbinska M., Kaminska B. Integrin Signaling in Glioma Pathogenesis: From Biology to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(3): 888. doi: 10.3390/ijms21030888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Z., Mo Y., Tan Y., Wen Z., Dai Z., Zhang H., Zhang X., Feng S., Liang X., Song T., Cheng Q. The ALDH Family Contributes to Immunocyte Infiltration, Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation in Glioma. Front Immunol. 2022; 12:756606. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756606.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z., Mo Y., Tan Y., Wen Z., Dai Z., Zhang H., Zhang X., Feng S., Liang X., Song T., Cheng Q. The ALDH Family Contributes to Immunocyte Infiltration, Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation in Glioma. Front Immunol. 2022; 12:756606. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756606.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malhotra J., Kim E.S. Oncolytic Viruses and Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Oncol Rep. 2023; 25(1): 19–28. doi: 10.1007/s11912-022-01341-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malhotra J., Kim E.S. Oncolytic Viruses and Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Oncol Rep. 2023; 25(1): 19–28. doi: 10.1007/s11912-022-01341-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang R., Hedberg J., Montagano J., Seals M., Puri S. Oncolytic Virus Therapies in Malignant Gliomas: Advances and Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel). 2025; 17(19): 3180. doi: 10.3390/cancers17193180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang R., Hedberg J., Montagano J., Seals M., Puri S. Oncolytic Virus Therapies in Malignant Gliomas: Advances and Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel). 2025; 17(19): 3180. doi: 10.3390/cancers17193180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faisal S.M., Castro M.G., Lowenstein P.R. Combined cytotoxic and immune-stimulatory gene therapy using Ad-TK and Ad-Flt3L: Translational developments from rodents to glioma patients. Mol Ther. 2023; 31(10): 2839–60. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faisal S.M., Castro M.G., Lowenstein P.R. Combined cytotoxic and immune-stimulatory gene therapy using Ad-TK and Ad-Flt3L: Translational developments from rodents to glioma patients. Mol Ther. 2023; 31(10): 2839–60. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romanishin A., Vasilev A., Khasanshin E., Evtekhov A., Pusynin E., Rubina K., Kakotkin V., Agapov M., Semina E. Oncolytic viral therapy for gliomas: Advances in the mechanisms and approaches to delivery. Virology. 2024; 593: 110033. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanishin A., Vasilev A., Khasanshin E., Evtekhov A., Pusynin E., Rubina K., Kakotkin V., Agapov M., Semina E. Oncolytic viral therapy for gliomas: Advances in the mechanisms and approaches to delivery. Virology. 2024; 593: 110033. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oishi T., Ito M., Koizumi S., Horikawa M., Yamamoto T., Yamagishi S., Yamasaki T., Sameshima T., Suzuki T., Sugimura H., Namba H., Kurozumi K. Efficacy of HSV-TK/GCV system suicide gene therapy using SHED expressing modified HSV-TK against lung cancer brain metastases. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2022; 26: 253–65. doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oishi T., Ito M., Koizumi S., Horikawa M., Yamamoto T., Yamagishi S., Yamasaki T., Sameshima T., Suzuki T., Sugimura H., Namba H., Kurozumi K. Efficacy of HSV-TK/GCV system suicide gene therapy using SHED expressing modified HSV-TK against lung cancer brain metastases. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2022; 26: 253–65. doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo E.W., Liao M.L., Chien C.L. Neural differentiation of glioblastoma cell lines via a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir system driven by a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. PLoS One. 2021; 16(8): e0253008. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo E.W., Liao M.L., Chien C.L. Neural differentiation of glioblastoma cell lines via a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir system driven by a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. PLoS One. 2021; 16(8): e0253008. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erickson N.J., Stavarache M., Tekedereli I., Kaplitt M.G., Markert J.M. Herpes Simplex Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Malignant Glioma and Mechanisms of Delivery. World Neurosurg. 2025; 194: 123595. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.123595.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erickson N.J., Stavarache M., Tekedereli I., Kaplitt M.G., Markert J.M. Herpes Simplex Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Malignant Glioma and Mechanisms of Delivery. World Neurosurg. 2025; 194: 123595. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.123595.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liskovykh M., Chuykin I., Ranjan A., Safina D., Popova E., Tolkunova E., Mosienko V., Minina J.M., Zhdanova N.S., Mullins J.J., Bader M., Alenina N., Tomilin A. Derivation, characterization, and stable transfection of induced pluripotent stem cells from Fischer344 rats. PLoS One. 2011; 6(11): e27345. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liskovykh M., Chuykin I., Ranjan A., Safina D., Popova E., Tolkunova E., Mosienko V., Minina J.M., Zhdanova N.S., Mullins J.J., Bader M., Alenina N., Tomilin A. Derivation, characterization, and stable transfection of induced pluripotent stem cells from Fischer344 rats. PLoS One. 2011; 6(11): e27345. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coleman J.E., Huentelman M.J., Kasparov S., Metcalfe B.L., Paton J.F., Katovich M.J., Semple-Rowland S.L., Raizada M.K. Efficient large-scale production and concentration of HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors for use in vivo. Physiol Genomics. 2003; 12(3): 221–28. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00135.2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coleman J.E., Huentelman M.J., Kasparov S., Metcalfe B.L., Paton J.F., Katovich M.J., Semple-Rowland S.L., Raizada M.K. Efficient large-scale production and concentration of HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors for use in vivo. Physiol Genomics. 2003; 12(3): 221–28. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00135.2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koessinger A.L., Cloix C., Koessinger D., Heiland D.H., Bock F.J., Strathdee K., Kinch K., Martínez-Escardó L., Paul N.R., Nixon C., Malviya G., Jackson M.R., Campbell K.J., Stevenson K., Davis S,. Elmasry Y., Ahmed A., O’Prey J., Ichim G., Schnell O., Stewart W., Blyth K., Ryan K.M., Chalmers A.J., Norman J.C., Tait S.W.G. Increased apoptotic sensitivity of glioblastoma enables therapeutic targeting by BH3-mimetics. Cell Death Differ. 2022; 29(10): 2089–104. doi: 10.1038/s41418-022-01001-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koessinger A.L., Cloix C., Koessinger D., Heiland D.H., Bock F.J., Strathdee K., Kinch K., Martínez-Escardó L., Paul N.R., Nixon C., Malviya G., Jackson M.R., Campbell K.J., Stevenson K., Davis S,. Elmasry Y., Ahmed A., O’Prey J., Ichim G., Schnell O., Stewart W., Blyth K., Ryan K.M., Chalmers A.J., Norman J.C., Tait S.W.G. Increased apoptotic sensitivity of glioblastoma enables therapeutic targeting by BH3-mimetics. Cell Death Differ. 2022; 29(10): 2089–104. doi: 10.1038/s41418-022-01001-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foucquier J., Guedj M. Analysis of drug combinations: current methodological landscape. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2015; 3(3): e00149. doi: 10.1002/prp2.149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foucquier J., Guedj M. Analysis of drug combinations: current methodological landscape. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2015; 3(3): e00149. doi: 10.1002/prp2.149.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madhavan K., Balakrishnan I., Lakshmanachetty S., Pierce A., Sanford B., Fosmire S., Elajaili H.B., Walker F., Wang D., Nozik E.S., Mitra S.S., Dahl N.A., Vibhakar R., Venkataraman S. Venetoclax Cooperates with Ionizing Radiation to Attenuate Diffuse Midline Glioma Tumor Growth. Clin Cancer Res. 2022; 28(11): 2409–24. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-4002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madhavan K., Balakrishnan I., Lakshmanachetty S., Pierce A., Sanford B., Fosmire S., Elajaili H.B., Walker F., Wang D., Nozik E.S., Mitra S.S., Dahl N.A., Vibhakar R., Venkataraman S. Venetoclax Cooperates with Ionizing Radiation to Attenuate Diffuse Midline Glioma Tumor Growth. Clin Cancer Res. 2022; 28(11): 2409–24. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-4002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rainov N.G., Fels C., Droege J.W., Schäfer C., Kramm C.M., Chou T.C. Temozolomide enhances herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir therapy of malignant glioma. Cancer Gene Therapy. 2001; 8(9): 662–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rainov N.G., Fels C., Droege J.W., Schäfer C., Kramm C.M., Chou T.C. Temozolomide enhances herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir therapy of malignant glioma. Cancer Gene Therapy. 2001; 8(9): 662–68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poon M.T.C., Bruce M., Simpson J.E., Hannan C.J., Brennan P.M. Temozolomide sensitivity of malignant glioma cell lines – a systematic review assessing consistencies between in vitro studies. BMC Cancer. 2021; 21(1): 1240. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08972-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poon M.T.C., Bruce M., Simpson J.E., Hannan C.J., Brennan P.M. Temozolomide sensitivity of malignant glioma cell lines – a systematic review assessing consistencies between in vitro studies. BMC Cancer. 2021; 21(1): 1240. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08972-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jezierzański M., Nafalska N., Stopyra M., Furgoł T., Miciak M., Kabut J., Gisterek-Grocholska I. Temozolomide (TMZ) in the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme-A Literature Review and Clinical Outcomes. Curr Oncol. 2024; 31(7): 3994–4002. doi: 10.3390/curroncol31070296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jezierzański M., Nafalska N., Stopyra M., Furgoł T., Miciak M., Kabut J., Gisterek-Grocholska I. Temozolomide (TMZ) in the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme-A Literature Review and Clinical Outcomes. Curr Oncol. 2024; 31(7): 3994–4002. doi: 10.3390/curroncol31070296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Q., Wang W., Chen S., Chen X., Lin Y. miR-29a sensitizes the response of glioma cells to temozolomide by modulating the P53/ MDM2 feedback loop. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2021; 26(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s11658-021-00266-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Q., Wang W., Chen S., Chen X., Lin Y. miR-29a sensitizes the response of glioma cells to temozolomide by modulating the P53/ MDM2 feedback loop. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2021; 26(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s11658-021-00266-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voce D.J., Bernal G.M., Wu L., Crawley C.D., Zhang W., Mansour N.M., Cahill K.E., Szymura S.J., Uppal A., Raleigh D.R., Spretz R., Nunez L., Larsen G., Khodarev N.N., Weichselbaum R.R., Yamini B. Temozolomide Treatment Induces lncRNA MALAT1 in an NF-κB and p53 Codependent Manner in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res. 2019; 79(10): 2536–48. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voce D.J., Bernal G.M., Wu L., Crawley C.D., Zhang W., Mansour N.M., Cahill K.E., Szymura S.J., Uppal A., Raleigh D.R., Spretz R., Nunez L., Larsen G., Khodarev N.N., Weichselbaum R.R., Yamini B. Temozolomide Treatment Induces lncRNA MALAT1 in an NF-κB and p53 Codependent Manner in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res. 2019; 79(10): 2536–48. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lanskikh D., Kuziakova O., Baklanov I., Penkova A., Doroshenko V., Buriak I., Zhmenia V., Kumeiko V. Cell-Based Glioma Models for Anticancer Drug Screening: From Conventional Adherent Cell Cultures to Tumor-Specific Three-Dimensional Constructs. Cells. 2024; 13(24): 2085. doi: 10.3390/cells13242085.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lanskikh D., Kuziakova O., Baklanov I., Penkova A., Doroshenko V., Buriak I., Zhmenia V., Kumeiko V. Cell-Based Glioma Models for Anticancer Drug Screening: From Conventional Adherent Cell Cultures to Tumor-Specific Three-Dimensional Constructs. Cells. 2024; 13(24): 2085. doi: 10.3390/cells13242085.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alomari O., Eyvazova H., Güney B., Al Juhmani R., Odabasi H., Al-Rawabdeh L., Mokresh M.E., Erginoglu U., Keles A., Baskaya M.K. Oncolytic Therapies for Glioblastoma: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel). 2025; 17(15): 2550. doi: 10.3390/cancers17152550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alomari O., Eyvazova H., Güney B., Al Juhmani R., Odabasi H., Al-Rawabdeh L., Mokresh M.E., Erginoglu U., Keles A., Baskaya M.K. Oncolytic Therapies for Glioblastoma: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel). 2025; 17(15): 2550. doi: 10.3390/cancers17152550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ageenko A., Vasileva N., Richter V., Kuligina E. Combination of Oncolytic Virotherapy with Different Antitumor Approaches against Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(4): 2042. doi: 10.3390/ijms25042042.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ageenko A., Vasileva N., Richter V., Kuligina E. Combination of Oncolytic Virotherapy with Different Antitumor Approaches against Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(4): 2042. doi: 10.3390/ijms25042042.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fan J., Jiang H., Cheng L., Ma B., Liu R. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus and temozolomide synergistically inhibit breast cancer cell tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Lett. 2021; 21(2): 99. doi: 10.3892/ol.2020.12360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fan J., Jiang H., Cheng L., Ma B., Liu R. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus and temozolomide synergistically inhibit breast cancer cell tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Lett. 2021; 21(2): 99. doi: 10.3892/ol.2020.12360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’arrigo P., Dubois M., Sanchez Gil J., Lassence C., Hego A., Brouwers B., Lombard A., Rogister B., Neirinckx V., Lebrun M., SadzotDelvaux C. An oncolytic herpesvirus expressing a CXCR4 antagonist interferes with glioblastoma cells’ stemness features and migration. Mol Ther Oncol. 2025; 33(4): 201083. doi: 10.1016/j.omton.2025.201083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’arrigo P., Dubois M., Sanchez Gil J., Lassence C., Hego A., Brouwers B., Lombard A., Rogister B., Neirinckx V., Lebrun M., SadzotDelvaux C. An oncolytic herpesvirus expressing a CXCR4 antagonist interferes with glioblastoma cells’ stemness features and migration. Mol Ther Oncol. 2025; 33(4): 201083. doi: 10.1016/j.omton.2025.201083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim S., Jung B.K., Kim J., Jeon J.H., Kim M., Jang S.H., Kim C.S., Jang H. Anticancer effect of the oncolytic Newcastle disease virus harboring the PTEN gene on glioblastoma. Oncol Lett. 2024; 29(1): 6. doi: 10.3892/ol.2024.14752.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim S., Jung B.K., Kim J., Jeon J.H., Kim M., Jang S.H., Kim C.S., Jang H. Anticancer effect of the oncolytic Newcastle disease virus harboring the PTEN gene on glioblastoma. Oncol Lett. 2024; 29(1): 6. doi: 10.3892/ol.2024.14752.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
