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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oncotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский онкологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian journal of oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1814-4861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2312-3168</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tomsk National Research Medical Сепtеr of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21294/1814-4861-2018-17-5-77-86</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">oncotomsk-862</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ФАКТОРЫ РИСКА ПОЧЕЧНО-КЛЕТОЧНОГО РАКА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RISK FACTORS FOR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2824-3704</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заридзе</surname><given-names>Д. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaridze</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заридзе Давид Георгиевич, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, заведующий отделом эпидемиологии и профилактики</p><p>115478, г. Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>SPIN-код: 9739-1250.</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): K-5605-2013. AuthorID (Scopus): 7005676681</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>David G. Zaridze, MD, DSc, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Epidemiology and Prevention</p><p>24, Kashirskoye Shosse, 115478-Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID (WOS): K-5605-2013. AuthorID (Scopus): 7005676681</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dgzaridze@crc.umos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мукерия</surname><given-names>А. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukeria</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мукерия Ануш Феликсовна, доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела эпидемиологии и профилактики</p><p>115478, г. Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>AuthorID (Scopus): 6603026158</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anush F. Mukeriya, MD, DSc, Leading Researcher, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention</p><p>24, Kashirskoye Shosse, 115478-Moscow</p><p>AuthorID (Scopus): 6603026158</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amukeria@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2431-068X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаньгина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shangina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шаньгина Оксана Валентиновна, кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела эпидемиологии и профилактики</p><p>115478, г. Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oxana V. Shangina, PhD, Senior Researcher, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention</p><p>24, Kashirskoye Shosse, 115478-Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oshangina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Заридзе Д.Г., Мукерия А.Ф., Шаньгина О.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Заридзе Д.Г., Мукерия А.Ф., Шаньгина О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaridze D.G., Mukeria A.F., Shangina O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/862">https://www.siboncoj.ru/jour/article/view/862</self-uri><abstract><p>Доказанными факторами риска спонтанного, т.е. не наследственного, почечно-клеточного рака (ПКР) являются курение, избыточный вес, ожирение, гипертония, некоторые профессиональные факторы, экспозиция к пестицидам и трихлорэтилену. Факторы образа жизни, например курение, не только повышают риск развития ПКР, но и влияют на выживаемость больных с этим заболеванием. Так, например, риск смерти от неонкологических причин у продолжающих курить больных ПКР в два раза выше по сравнению с никогда не курившими больными, a риск развития второй опухоли у продолжавших курить больных ПКР более 20 сигарет в день в 5 раз выше, чем у некурящих пациентов. В этиологии спонтанного ПКР важную роль играет низкопенетрантный генетический полиморфизм, который в отличие от высокопенетрантных мутаций встречается довольно часто. Однако риск развития рака, ассоциированный с этим типом наследственности, невысок. Тем не менее большинство опухолей человека развиваются в результате комбинированного эффекта большого числа генов с низкой пенетрацией, т.е. имеют полигенную этиологию. В этиологии этих опухолей важную роль играют экзогенные факторы: имеет место взаимодействие наследственности и факторов образа жизни и окружающей среды. Молекулярно-эпидемиологические исследования, основанные на предварительной гипотезе, показали, что полиморфизм некоторых генов, например семейства глутатион-S-трансфераз, влияет на риск ПКР. В результате полногеномных исследований идентифицированы около 20 однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (ОНП) высокого риска, которые, впрочем, объясняют лишь 10 % риска семейных случаев ПКР. Размер самых крупных исследований, которые включают многие тысячи наблюдений, позволяет выявить лишь 80 % от основных, часто встречающихся аллельных вариантов (с частотой минорных аллелей &gt;0,2), которые повышают риск ПКР в 1,2 и более раз. В то же время для выявления полиморфных вариантов с меньшим эффектом на риск ПКР, с частотой минорных аллелей &lt;0,1, размер выборки должен быть значительно больше. Скорее всего, этот тип вариантов содержит больше ОНП повышенной предрасположенности к развитию ПКР и их предстоит открыть. Будущие исследования, направленные на идентификацию однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов высокого риска, приведут к лучшему пониманию биологии ПКР и будут способствовать разработке новых направлений профилактики, ранней диагностики и лечения этого заболевания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Smoking, overweight, obesity, hypertension, occupational exposures to pesticides, specifically to trichloroethylene are considered causal risk factors for sporadic i.e. non-hereditary renal cell cancer (RCC). Some of these factors not only increase the risk of RCC but also affect the survival of patients. For example, in patients with RCC who continue smoking, the risk of dying from other causes is twice as high as in patient who quit smoking. The risk of second cancer is 5 times higher in patients who continue smoking 20 or more cigarettes per day than in non-smokers. The low penetrance polymorphism is an important factor in etiology of sporadic RCC, which contrary to high penetrance mutations is a common event. However, the risk associated with this type of inheritance is quite low. The majority of sporadic RCC have polygenic etiology. They develop as a result of combined effect of large number of low penetrance genetic susceptibility genes (genetic polymorphism). Environmental factors play a decisive role in causation of sporadic RCC. The interplay of exposures to environmental risk factors and genetic susceptibility of exposed individuals is believed to influence the risk of developing sporadic RCC. The studies in molecular epidemiology based on candidate gene approach have shown that polymorphisms of certain genes, for example glutathione-S-transferase family genes, are associated with RCC. The genome wide association studies identified about twenty loci with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) affecting the risk of RCC. However the risk loci so far identified for RCC account for only about 10 % of the familial risk of RCC. The power of largest studies which include many thousands of observations allow to detect 80 % of the major common loci (with minor allele frequency – MAF&gt;0.2) conferring risk ≥1.2. However, for detecting alleles with smaller effects and/or MAF&lt;0.1, more studies with larger sample size are needed. By implication, variants with such profiles probably represent a much larger class of susceptibility loci for RCC and hence a large number of variants remain to be discovered. Future investigation of the genes targeted by the risk SNPs is likely to yield increased insight into biology of RCC and will lead to new approaches for prevention, early detection and treatment.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>почечно-клеточный рак</kwd><kwd>факторы образа жизни</kwd><kwd>генетический полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>однонуклеотидный полиморфизм (ОНП)</kwd><kwd>полногеномные исследования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>renal cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>lifestyle factors</kwd><kwd>genetic polymorphism</kwd><kwd>single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)</kwd><kwd>full genomic research</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li P., Znaor A., Holcatova I., Fabianova E., Mates D., Wozniak M.B., Ferlay J., Scelo G. Regional geographic variations in kidney cancer incidence rates in European countries. 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