РАННИЙ РАК ЖЕЛУДКА: СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА ПРОБЛЕМУ

В обзоре рассмотрены основные характеристики раннего рака желудка (РРЖ) в аспекте онкологии, эндоскопии и патоморфологии. Согласно последним концепциям, ранний рак желудка следует рассматривать с позиций эндоскопической резектабельности и прогноза течения заболевания. К данному понятию рекомендуется относить интраэпителиальную неоплазию высокой степени (тяжелую дисплазию) эпителия слизистой оболочки желудка и высокодифференцированную аденокарциному с инвазией в пределах слизистой оболочки (T1a) и/или внутренней части подслизистого слоя (T1b1), а также низкодифференцированную аденокарциному и перстневидноклеточный рак с инвазией в пределах слизистой оболочки (T1a) размерами до 3 см без изъязвления. В соответствии с мнением большинства современных авторов РРЖ должен характеризоваться отсутствием поражения регионарных лимфатических узлов (N0) и отдаленного метастазирования (M0). Ранний рак желудка следует классифицировать по макроскопическим типам с использованием рекомендаций Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Endoscopy или доработанной Парижской классификации поверхностных неоплазий органов желудочно-кишечного тракта по глубине инвазии опухоли и локализации, согласно рекомендациям Japanese Gastric Cancer Association, а также с учетом размеров опухоли. По гистологическому строению все случаи раннего рака желудка должны быть разделены в соответствии с классификацией ВОЗ, 2010 г. или Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Крайне важным в аспекте риска регионарного метастазирования при РРЖ является оценка наличия опухолевой инвазии лимфатических капилляров и вен подслизистого слоя. В этом же ракурсе наиболее пристального внимания заслуживают и смешанные гистологические формы рака желудка с высоко- и низкодифференцированным компонентом. В обзоре рассмотрены предсказательные критерии оценки риска регионарного метастазирования при РРЖ. Отдельно оценены случаи раннего диффузного наследственного рака желудка, обусловленного наличием аутосомно-доминантной мутации гена CDH1. На основании проведенного обзора литературы даны рекомендации по стратификации рисков и выбора адекватной лечебной тактики у больных ранним раком желудка.

ранний рак желудка, классификация, определение, carcinoma in situ, тяжелая дисплазия, интраэпителиальная неоплазия

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