Систематический обзор исследований ассоциации рака яичников и предстательной железы с мутациями генов BRCA1 и BRCA2

Актуальность. Наследственные мутации в генах BRCA1 и BRCA2 увеличивают риск возникновения аденокарциномы простаты и карциномы молочной железы и яичников. Рак яичников редко встречается у женщин моложе 40 лет, рак предстательной железы в основном встречается у пожилых мужчин, в 90 % случаев – старше 65 лет.

Цель исследования ‒ исследовать взаимосвязь рака яичников и простаты с генами BRCA1 и BRCA2.

Материал и методы. В обзоре обсуждается механизм возникновения рака яичников и предстательной железы, а также меры их профилактики с помощью методов скрининга. Проанализированы базы данных on-line с использованием ключевых слов «рак яичников», «рак предстательной железы», «гены BRCA», «мутация», «полиморфизм», «карцинома», «саркома» и «генетическая ассоциация».

Результаты. На основании полученной информации установлено, что гены BRCA тесно связаны с раком предстательной железы у мужчин и в большей степени ассоциированы с раком молочной железы, чем с раком яичников у женщин.

Заключение. Необходимы ранняя диагностика и генетическое тестирование генов BRCA1 и BRCA2 у мужчин и у женщин. В некоторых случаях эти гены могут вызывать и другие виды рака, например рак поджелудочной железы. Выявление лиц с помощью HRD-тестирования (выявление дефицита гомологичной рекомбинации) и определения экспрессии этого гена имеет большое значение для улучшения эффективности методов лечения, разработанных в последние десятилетия. Однако внедрение этих методов в повседневную практику потребует глубокого понимания целей лечения и побочных эффектов. 

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