Обзор онколитических вирусных препаратов: клинический опыт и перспективные разработки

Цель исследования проанализировать современное состояние разработки онколитических вирусных препаратов, зарегистрированных и находящихся на различных стадиях клинических и доклинических исследований, а также выявить основные тенденции в области вирусной онкотерапии по данным литературы на 2025 год.

Материал и методы. Поиск литературы проводился в базах Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library и РИНЦ за период 2017-2025 гг. Дополнительно включены отдельные более ранние работы (1990-2000-е гг.), имеющие ключевое значение для становления концепции онколитической вирусотерапии и разработки первых клинических кандидатов.

Результаты. Анализ показал, что на 2025 г. зарегистрировано 4 онколитических вирусных препарата: Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, Imlygic®), Teserpaturev (G47A, Delytact®), Oncorine (H101) и Rigvir. Механизм их действия основан на избирательной репликации в опухолевых клетках с последующим лизисом, а также на активации врожденного и адаптивного иммунного ответа. Проводятся клинические испытания препаратов на основе аденовирусов (CG0070, DNX-2401, ONCOS-102), вируса вакцинии (Pexa-Vec), вируса простого герпеса (Seprehvir) и других платформ. Особое внимание уделяется вирусу болезни Ньюкасла (штаммы MTH-68/H, PV701, NDV-HUJ и др.), вирусу кори, вирусу Сендай, вирусу везикулярного стоматита и коксакивирусу А21. Перспективным направлением являются генетические модификации вирусов (удаление генов вирулентности, экспрессия иммуномодуляторов), использование диких штаммов, а также комбинированные подходы с иммунотерапией и клеточными технологиями.

Заключение. Онколитическая вирусотерапия в настоящее время проходит этап интеграции в клиническую практику. Основные тенденции включают персонализацию терапии, развитие комбинированных схем лечения и активное применение методов редактирования генома. Перспективным направлением остается дальнейшее изучение диких штаммов вирусов как источника новых онколитических агентов.

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