Pathological response of locally advanced gastric cancer to neoadjuvant prolonged chemoradiotherapy followed by D2 gastrectomy was analyzed considering clinical and morphological findings. Twenty-four patients were treated with radiation therapy at a total dose of 45 Gy (daily dose was split into 2 fractions of 1 Gy and 1,5 Gy) concurrently with chemotherapy (2 cycles of xeloda at a dose of 1850 мg/ м2 given daily with a 12-hour interval and eloxatin, 100 мг/м2 given as an intravenous infusion every 3 weeks). Concurrent chemoradiotherapy was followed by a rest period, and then the control examination of the patients with the assessment of treatment results and surgery were performed. Detectable regression of both the primary tumor and regional metastases was observed in most patients. In accordance with G.A. Lavnikova classification, grade I pathological tumor response was found in 2 patients, grade II response in 6 patients, grade III response in 12 patients and grade IV response was observed in 4 patients. Thus, the treatment method was shown to be effective according to criteria of pathological tumor response. Our findings need to be confirmed by further clinical trials.

Diagnostic value of preoperative and intraoperative imaging of follicular thyroid tumors in children was assessed. Between 1982 and 2012, a total of 96 patients aged from 3 to 17 years were treated. There were 30 patients with minimally invasive thyroid cancer and 66 with follicular adenoma. The preoperative imaging methods were found to be capable of suspecting malignancy, however, they were unable to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. Minimally invasive follicular cancer was diagnosed in 76,7 % of patients using the findings of ultrasound tomography, in 66,6 % by fine-needle biopsy and in 60 % of cases by urgent histological test. Urgent histological test for patients with follicular thyroid lesions is justified in cases with preoperative cytological diagnosis of follicular thyroid tumor and suspicion of cancer. Results of urgent histological test confirmed the diagnosis of minimally invasive thyroid cancer in 90 % of patients. Routine histological examination allowing capsular or vascular invasion to be detected is the main morphological diagnostic method for patients with follicular thyroid nodes.

We studied the expression of multidrug resistance genes (MDR) and monoresistance genes in normal bronchial tissue and tumor tissue of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) (vinorelbine-carboplatine). The study included 30 patients with NSCLC (Т2–4N0–3M0)). Normal bronchial tissue, normal lung tissue and tumor tissue collected during surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) served as a material of the study. The expression levels of MDR genes (ABCB1, ABCB2, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCС5, ABCG1, ABCG2, GSTP and MVP, and monoresistance genes (BRCA1, ERCC1, RRM1, TOP1, TOP2A, TUBB3 and TYMS) were estimated by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). The expression levels of some MDR genes and monoresistance genes (АВСВ1, АВСВ2, ABCG1, ERCC1, GSTP1 and MVP) were significantly higher in the bronchi than in tumor tissue. The expression of ABCG1, ABCG2 and ERCC1 genes was higher in patients with T1-2 cancer than in patients with T3-4 cancer. Patients with adenocarcinoma had higher expression of BRCA1, MVP and ABCB1 genes than patients with squamous cell lung cancer. A tendency towards reduction in the expression level of MDR-genes and monoresistance genes was observed in patients with partial tumor regression compared to that observed in patients with stable disease. These findings were consistent with the previous data on reduction in the MDR-gene expression after chemotherapy with a good response in breast cancer patients.

The development of adaptation responses to sodium nucleospermate during postoperative chemotherapy was studied in 20 patients with stage III–IV head and neck cancer. Unidirectional transition of different background reactions to acute and chronic stress with leucocytosis level of 14,0×109 /L was observed after injecting the agent. This effect was short-term and reversible. On day 6, the development of anti-stress reactions of training and activation with increase in the level of lymphocytes and upper normal limits of leukocyte count was registered, thus showing positive biological and clinical effect.