The paper presents two-year results of combined modality treatment of patients with stage III–IV (T3N0–1M0) locally advanced laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer. In the first phase of the treatment, all 24 patients included into the study, received preoperative RT with local hyperthermia. Preventive tracheostoma was not an obstacle for the treatment. Patients who achieved partial response or stable disease underwent surgery. In case of complete tumor regression (n=5), radiotherapy was continued up to the total dose of 66 Gy. Histological examination of surgical specimens revealed complete pathological response in all patients who received combined modality treatment. Regional metastases were revealed in 2 patients, and they subsequently underwent lymph node dissection. The overall 2-year survival rate was 100 % and 2-year metastasis-free survival was 91.7 %.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the benefit of single photon emission computed tomography/ computed tomography (SPECT/CT) over SPECT alone, osteoscintigraphy (OSG), CT and conventional X-ray for the detection of bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC). 72 BC patients and 17 PC patients at high risk of developing bone metastasis were examined by (SPECT/ CT), SPECT,OSG,CTand conventional X-ray. Bone metastases were detected in 33 (37.1 %) patients. It was found that the diagnostic efficacy (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy) of SPECT/CT was significantly superior to that of the other types of imaging modalities in detection of bone metastases from BC. In addition, the combination of SPECT with CT resulted in a change in SPECT and CT findings on skeletal metastasis in 5 (6 %) and 11 (12 %) cases, respectively.

Background. The paper has been devoted to the study of clinical and morphological features of bilateral breast cancer (BC). Despite the increased interest in the lateral BC, pathogenesis of this type of cancer have been little studied. Мaterials and methods. Clinical and morphological parameters were studied in 600 patients with unilateral and bilateral breast carcinoma. Results. Synchronous and metachronic bilateral breast cancer is characterized by more pronounced heterogeneity of the morphological structure with the frequent presence of discrete groups of tumor cells and ductal structures in the tumor node as compared to unilateral breast cancer. Synchronous bilateral breast cancer has a favorable clinical course and is mainly represented by the luminal A molecular genetic type. Metachronous bilateral breast cancer is often characterized as a triple negative and luminal B type with high proliferative activity and is associated with poor prognosis. There is a difference in prognostic parameters of lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis between synchronous and metachronous breast cancer. For synchronous bilateral breast cancer, morphological parameters can serve as prognostic factors of hematogenous and lymphogenous metastasis. For metachronous breast cancer, prognosis of hematogenous metastasis is associated with severity of lymphogenous metastasis. Conclusion. The data obtained allow us to determine the typical clinical and morphological features of synchronous and metachronous bilateral breast cancers, as well as to identify additional prognostic parameters of tumor progression.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive disease with long asymptomatic course. New molecular prognostic markers are urgently needed to identify patients at high risk for developing lymph node metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered class of small non-coding RNAs. Based on literature and our data, we have chosen 12 miRNAs (miRNA-21, -221, -222, -155, -205, -20a, -125b, -146b, -181b, -200a, -126, -451), involved in HNSCC carcinogenesis. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, we have shown a change in the expression miRNA in tumor tissue compared to unmodified tissue. Significant upregulation of five miRNAs: miRNA-21, -155, -181b, -126, -451 (p<0.05) has been shown in tumors. MiRNA-126 has been found to be highly expressed in metastasis tissue (p<0.05), and can be an important factor in understanding the processes of metastasis and development of a new prognostic marker.

Pathomorphology study of marrow fibrosis in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia was carried out using morphometric image analysis software. It was revealed that every second patient had myelofibrosis. The initial and expressed myelofibrosis occur at approximately the same frequency, and their combination is observed more often. Myelofibrosis is more common in the accelerated-phase and blast crisis that in the chronicphase. It was found a direct correlation between the relative area of fibrous tissue in initial and expression myelofibrosis and the number of megakaryocytes, the number of dwarf megakaryocytes in the bone marrow trephine biopsy. The relative area of fibrous tissue in initial and expression myelofibrosis directly correlates with the percentage of blasts in myelogram, the percentage of blasts in the bone marrow trephine biopsy and the percentage of blasts in the peripheral blood in the accelerated phase and blast crisis. The prevalence of both initial and expressed myelofibrosis regardless of the phase of chronic myeloid leukemia directly correlated with the duration of the disease. Expressed myelofibrosis associates with the chemotherapy regardless of the phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. Initial myelofibrosis with the chemotherapy is not connected. Gender and age of the patients are not associated with marrow fibros

The effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) on hematopoietic recovery was studied. The study included 77 patients with stage III–IV breast cancer who received chemotherapy with oxorubicin/docetaxel. Filgastrim was administered to 30 patients in the intervals between chemotherapy courses. The drug was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 300 mg, twice, on days 8 and 12 days from the last administration of docetaxel. Blood parameters were assessed within 3 cycles of chemotherapy. Filgastrin was shown to stimulate bone marrow granulocytopoiesis depressed by cytostatic drugs. The effect was realized on the level of committed precursors, morphologically differentiated bone marrow and peripheral blood cell elements, being the result of stimulation of the proliferative activity of hematopoietic progenitor cells of granulocytopoiesis under the influence of humoral factors released by cells of the microenvironment, as well as, to a large extent, the acceleration of the maturation of these cells.

The paper presents the first experience in treating 5 patients with stage II–III non-small cell lung cancer using combined modality treatment including 40 Gy preoperative hyperfractionated radiotherapy with concurrent 2 cycles of paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy and local hyperthermia (10 sessions) followed by radical surgery. The overal response rate to preoperative treatment was 80 %. Chemotherapy was well tolerated and hyperthermia resulted no in adverse effects. All patients underwent surgery (4 lobectomies and 1 pneumonectomy). No complications were observed in the postoperative period. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 20 months. No evidence of disease progression and radiation-induced damages were observed.

The aim of the study was to comparatively assess the efficacy of various diagnostic imaging modalities in detection of lung metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer. A retrospective analysis of the results of examination of 36 patients was carried out. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/ CT) with [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was found to have the highest sensitivity for detection of lung metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer (100 %) followed by CT of the chest (95.5 %) and whole body scintigraphy (WBS) with 131I (66.7 %).

Characteristics of hospital morbidity for pancreatic cancer among the population of Krasnoyarsky Krai between 2009 and 2013 were studied. The majority of patients (82.16 %) were diagnosed with advanced pancreatic cancer, with the incidence peak at 51–60 years and approximately equal male to female ratio. The main risk factors were overweight (in 67.66 % of patients) and diabetes (in 21.99 % of patients). The role of hereditary predisposition to the development of pancreatic cancer was not established.

The review presents data on drug therapy for ovarian cancer including neoadjuvant and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. The prospects of using targeted therapy for ovarian cancer are discussed.

This review presents the structure of the proteasome system, discusses its involvement in the pathogenesis of many cancers, including the process of metastasis. It describes the distinctive structural characteristics of intra- and extracellular pools of proteasomes, possible ways of their exit into the extracellular space and their forms of existence outside the cell. Also in the present review discusses the importance of circulating proteasomes for prognosis course of the cancer.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor, characterized by poor prognosis and a low five-year survival rate. There is a clear correlation between the incidence of opisthorchiasis and high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in South-East Asia. Liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini are I class carcinogens. There are some endemic regions of opisthorchiasis In the Russian Federation. The most important factor that leads to carcinogenesis during liver fluke infection is chronic inflammation. This review article focuses on the communication of chronic inflammation caused by invasion of liver flukes and cholangiocarcinoma. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma, as well as knowledge about the molecular aspects of the induction of carcinogenesis by liver flukes.

The review is devoted to clinical pathogenetic mechanisms of the trofologic status disorder in patients with gastroesophageal cancer (GEС). The current approaches to nutritive support in the perioperative period for patients with GEС have been presented.

Solitary fibrous tumor is a rare neoplasm with the borderline biological nature and a tendency to the locally destructive growth. The most common site of the tumor is the pleura but other sites do occur. The ENT-organs are affected extremely rarely. A few cases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses as the primary sites of this neoplasm have been described. Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma occurs at these anatomic sites rarely as well. In the article a case of solitary fibrous tumor and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses manifested within 3 years is presented. Rhabdomyosarcoma had a fatal clinical course.