The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is increasing globally and is a major clinical concern. Carbapenemase-producing strains (K. Pneumoniaе) can develop resistance to nearly all known antibiotics and in 40-50% of cases lead to death of the patient. Epidemiological studies of outbreaks of infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms are carried out in most clinics of the world. Creation of hospital epidemiology program allows the control of hospital’s infection. In September, 2013, the outbreak of infection caused by MDR strains of K. Pneumoniaе was registered at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, and the epidemiologic study was conducted.

The comparative analysis of immediate and long-term clinical outcomes in 68 patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer was carried out. The study group comprised 36 patients who received 2 cycles of neoadjuvant vinorelbin/carboplatin-containing chemotherapy with subsequent assessment of objective response. If complete and partial responses were achieved and in cases with stable disease, patients underwent radical surgery followed by 3 cycles of the same regimen of adjuvant chemotherapy. The control group consisted of 32 patients who underwent surgery alone. The results obtained showed efficacy of the combined modality treatment due to significant decrease in the rate of local recurrences, distant metastases and increase in the rate of overall survival as compared to the group with surgery alone.

Comparative study of antitumor activity of cisplatin and dioxadet in chemoperfusion treatment was carried out on ascitic ovarian cancer model in 172 Vistar female rats. Ovarian cancer was inoculated intraperitoneally at a volume of 0.5 ml per rat with concentration of tumor cells 2×107 / ml. The drugs were administered once in 48 hours after inoculation of ovarian cancer in maximum tolerated doses (MTD). Normothermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (IPEC) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC) were performed with cisplatin or dioxadet at doses that were 5−20 times higher than those for their standard intraperitoneal administration. Antitumor effects of the drugs were estimated in increase of median survival time (MST). In case of IPEC and HIPEC cisplatin increased the MST by 317  % and 183  % (р<0.05) respectively, when dioxadet increased the MST by 244  % and 444  % (р<0.05) respectively compared to the control group of animals that didn’t receive any treatment. HIPEC with dioxadet is the most effective regimen in experimental treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.

The relationship between histological and immunohistochemical parameters of synovial sarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma/PNET and the number of cells carrying the t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation. Histological examination was carried out to study the cytotypical characteristics, types of structures of tumor growth, tumor spread and secondary dystrophic changes in the tumor. The tumor mitotic activity was assessed by determining the mitotic index. The presence of markers such as vimentine, desmin, SMA, Myf-4, MyoD1, S-100, CD57, bcl-2, CD99, cytokeratine AE1/AE3, cytokeratine 7, EMA, Synaptophysin, chromogranin and Ki67 was determined by immunohistochemical assay. Detection of translocations characteristic of synovial sarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma/PNET was performed using chromogenic in situ hybridization. The study results showed the relationship between the histological and immunohistochemical parameters of synovial sarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma/PNET and the percentage of tumor cells having specific t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation.

Correlation between purinenucleotides exchange and antioxidant system in patients with colorectal cancer (CC), as well as influence of key enzymes of purine decomposition on formation of active forms of oxygen were studied. During the process of study, enzymatic indicators of prooxidant system – adenosine deaminase and xanthineoxidase, as well as the level of nitric oxide were identified. Superoxidedismutase and glutathione peroxidase were the indicator of antiradical system. 22 patients aged 40–59 years with colorectal cancer of different stage were examined. A significant increase in indicators of prooxidant system in tissue homogenate of patients with CC and ambiguous changes in the activity of the antioxidant system, depending on the stage of the disease, were established. It was established that during the oxidative stress and in conditions of hypoxia, at the later stages of cancer, antioxidants may contribute to better survival ability of tumor cells and to more rapid tumor progression.

An asymmetry of renal lymph nodes involvement has been found in laboratory mice (BALB/c) with spontaneous blood neoplasms (lymphomas and leukemias). Left lymph node is more frequently involved and its enlargement (lymphadenopathy) is significantly more expressive in compare to right lymph node. The difference is not related to sex of animals and histological type of neoplasm. Microscopic pictures of the affected right and left lymph nodes also do not demonstrate differences. The involvement of other pair lymph nodes is not shown to be asymmetrical constantly. It seems that the asymmetry of renal lymph nodes involvement is related to more intensive glucocorticoids production by right adrenal gland in compare to left adrenal gland, consequently, higher level of antiproliferative adrenal hormones in lymph which drain from adrenal glands to ipsilateral lymph nodes.

The analysis of primary cancer and primary disability of adult population of the Omsk region during the period 2007 to 2012 and medical-social characteristics has been presented.

The experience of the Center of Positron Emission Tomography of Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Oncology Center in the diagnosis of extranodal involvement in patients with lymphomas has been presented. Three hundred and sixteen patients with Hodgkin’s and nonHodgkin’s lymphomas underwent a PET-CT examination, which revealed extranodal involvement in 43.6% of cases. The standardized uptake value (SUVmax), nature of the lesion (focal or diffuse) and the presence of structural substrate detected on the CT component of the study (except metabolic activity foci without clearly visualized morphological substrate) were taken into account.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the efficacy of Ilizarov transbone osteosynthesis in orthopedic rehabilitation of patients with cancer of the lower extremities. The study included 34 patients aged from 5 to 40 years with histologically verified primary cancer of the tibia or femur bones. Ostheosynthesis was performed after radical resection of the tumor and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Defects after the resection were replaced with transbone osteosynthesis using the Ilizarov apparatus. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 73.6 % and 52.6 %, respectively. Anatomical and functional outcomes showed that technologies of Ilizarov‘s transbone ostheosynthesis were effective in 97.5 % of patients. The Ilizarov’s transbone ostheosynthesis allows the defects after resection to be effectively replaced with optimal reconstruction of the extremity both in adult patients and in patients with incomplete formation of the skeleton.

In the last decade, molecularly-targeted therapy is the most intensively developing treatment modalities in oncology. The main targets for this therapy are many elements of apoptosis signaling pathways and cell cycle regulation, the damage of which is associated with a malignant growth. One of the available molecular targets is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which activation occurs in lung cancer, colorectal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck , breast cancer, melanomas, etc. To block oncogenic EGFR signaling, target drug as small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, peptide associated cytotoxins and antiEGFR monoclonal antibodies were created. However, there are a number of studies (FLEX, SATURN, INTEREST, IPASS), where the expected and observed clinical cure rates of target drugs are not the same, including primary goal - increasing time to tumor progression. As the cause of inconsistency of treatment results may be lack the selection of patients with the additional molecular damages (mutations or genetic polymorphisms), providing the sensitivity and /or resistance to therapeutic agent. The most important reason for discrepancy between the real and the expected treatment effect of target drugs is the phenomenon of intratumoral heterogeneity, that is manifested as coexist of cells with different biological properties, due to genetic, epigenetic, phenotypic peculiarities of tumor clones within the tumor. Search for new driver targets and the creation of drugs directed against them, development of multitarget approach are perspective to improve the effectiveness of targeted therapy. In addition, it is important to use molecular testing to monitor the treatment efficacy, because therapy can drive the tumor clonal evolution, leading to the emergence of resistant cell clones.

In the review a data about molecular and genetic aspects of different morphological variants of gastric cancer in population and family studies are generalized. Data about multiple genetic and epigenetic damages in oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle regulators, adhesion molecules, DNA repair genes as well as genetic instability and telomerase activation involved in the multistep process of carcinogenesis and making a contribution to uncontrolled growth and ability to form metastases are included in the review. In article possibilities of use of specific molecular markers for early GC diagnostics are discussed.

The review discusses the role of mental disorders in oncology practice, their types, prevalence and clinical features. Problems of using drugs and psychoactive substances as a factor in the development of mental disorders in cancer patients are also considered in this review. Studies showing clinical and psychological problems (pain, fear, anxiety) that reduce the quality of life in cancer patients have been presented. Results of pharmaco-and psychotherapy in relieving psychopathology are discussed.

We report a case of a very severe complication arising during central venous catheterization in a child with the diagnosis of cancer. Despite the use of the modern imaging techniques, there is the risk of damage to the blood vessels during the insertion of the central venous catheter