The overall survival of patients with locally advanced small cell lung cancer who received at least 2 courses of chemotherapy and external beam radiation therapy at a total dose >50 Gy delivered to the primary tumor was retrospectively studied. Patients were divided
into 2 groups. Patients in the standard treatment group (n=71) were treated to 50–58 Gy total dose. The dose escalation group (n=69) was treated to 60–74 Gy. Accelerated fractionation regimen in radiotherapy was more frequently given in dose escalation treatment group. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates in the dose escalated and standard dose groups were respectively 54 % (95 % CI 42–65 %) and 32 % (95 % CI 23–44 %), р=0,11; 25 % (95 % CI 16–36 %) and 1 % (95% CI 0–8 %), р=0,0003; 17 % (95 % CI 10–28 %) and 0 % (95 % CI 0–5 %) (р=0.0007). The median survival was 14 months (95 % CI 10–17 months) in the dose escalated treatment group and 9 months (95 % CI 8–11
months) in patients of the standard treatment group (χ2=16,8, р<0,0001). Multifactorial analysis showed that a total dose of ≥60 Gy resulted in reduction in risk of death (RR 0,57 (CI 0,37–0,88), р=0,012). Radiation dose escalation can result in improvement of local control for patients with locally advanced small cell lung cancer. Prospective randomized studies are required to finally confirm this hypothesis.

The 5-year treatment outcomes of 69 patients with stage IIA–IIIA locally advanced small cell lung cancer have been presented. Accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy was administered in the uneven daily dose fractionation (single dose of 1 + 1,5 Gy with a 5–6
hour interval to a total dose of 60–70 Gy) depending on the health status and lung function. The complete response was achieved in 13 (42 %) patients, the median survival was 28 months and the 5-year survival rate was 26,2 %. Grade III lung and pericardium toxicities (according to RTOG toxicity scale) were observed in 3,2 % and 6,5 % of patients, respectively. No grade III–IV radiation-induced blood and esophageal damages were found.

The comparative analysis of long-term results of surgical and combined modality treatment for differentiated adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated gastric carcinoma (UGC) has been presented. Treatment outcomes of patients with differentiated adenocarcinoma were shown
to be significantly superior to those of patients with UGC (р=0,001). Intensive preoperative radiation therapy at a total dose of 20–27 Gy resulted in a significant improvement of treatment outcomes in patients with UGC, showing no any improvement of treatment outcomes in patients with differentiated adenocarcinoma. The benefits of combination treatment for patients with UGC were observed in cases with tumors not spreading through the serosa (рТ1–3) and with no evidence of regional lymph nodes involvement (N0).

Life quality as a criterion of treatment and rehabilitation effectiveness was assessed in 38 patients with nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors, who underwent prosthetics of bone structures of the middle part of the face using tissue and porous implants made of titanium nickelid and postoperative magnetic laser therapy. Prior to treatment, marked changes in physical (81,1 ± 3,2 points) and emotional (70,4 ± 9,1 points) functioning were observed. Early postoperative period was characterized by positive dynamics on scales of physical (86,2 ± 8,1 points), role (92 ± 6,3 points) and social (92 ± 9,6 points) functioning. Neoplastic process and surgical treatment had a significant impact on problems with nutrition (27,5 ± 8,9 points) and speech (24 ± 10 points). Gradual decrease in the problem level was subsequently observed under conditions of rehabilitation procedures. Postoperative magnetic laser therapy contributed to smoother course of reparative processes and prevented the development of severe cicatricial changes in the masticatory muscles. Exoprosthetics provided optimal air flow passing and correct pronunciation of sounds. The use of the above techniques significantly reduced the level of problems with nutrition and speech (13 ± 7,9 and 9,5 ± 7,4 points (p<0,05) in 3 months and 9 ± 7,4 and 7 ± 6 points (p<0,05) in 12 months, respectively).

The present study shows significance of onco-neural antibodies as markers of paraneoplastic polyneuropathy in early cancer detection. Symptoms of polyneuropathy occurred at least 6 months before tumor detection in 2/3 patients, neuronal antibodies were detected in blood serum of more than 50 % of patients.

The study of functional polymorphism of the VEGF-A gene at positions –2578 in the promoter region and +936 in the 3`untranslated region in breast cancer patients with different receptor status of the tumor was undertaken to identify markers associated with risk of breast cancer. DNA samples from 292 women with breast cancer were analyzed. The genotyping of С–2578A and C+936T VEG-FA polymorphisms was performed using the method of restriction analysis of amplification products. The distributions of VEGF-A genotypes in patients having estrogen and progesterone receptors in tumor tissues were investigated and genotypes associated with risk of breast cancer recurrences were detected.

Luminal A breast cancer has been shown to be characterized by the marked morphological heterogeneity. It is manifested by the variety of the infiltrative component structure of the primary tumor in which different structure types vary widely. The frequency of metastatic
involvement of lymph nodes has appeared to associate with a variety of infiltrative component of the tumor and the presence of microalveolar structures in it. Neither morphological patterns of the lesion nor parameters of lymphogenic metastasis were associated with hematogenous dissemination, thus allowing no them to be considered as prognostic criteria.

Comparative antitumor activity of cytostatics dioxadet, cisplatin and their combination was studied in model of ascitic ovarian tumor in 38 female Wistar rats. Ascitic ovarian tumor was transplanted intraperitoneally at amount of 5 × 106 tumor cells per rat. Dioxadet and
cisplatin were administered intraperitoneally at their single maximal tolerable doses 48 hours after the tumor transplantation: 1,5 and 4,0 mg/ kg b.w., respectively. Drug combination of dioxadet and cisplatin administered by the same way but at one half of maximal tolerable doses. Antitumor effects of the drugs were estimated by increasing life span of the animals. In control group without treatment the average life span was 16 ± 6,3 days. Dioxadet and cisplatin showed comparable antitumor activity increasing the average life span by 63,1 % and 48,1 %, correspondingly. Drugs combination showed synergistic effect increasing average life span by 107,5 % (p<0,05). Moreover, combination
of dioxadet and cisplatin are characterized by less toxicity compared with cisplatin applied in maximal tolerable dose.

The higher fatty acid spectrum of tumor tissue in cervical cancer with different histopathologic grades was studied using the method of gas-liquid chromatography. Irrespective of differentiation grade, the high level of saturated fatty acids as compared to the control was observed mainly due to the increase in the amount of С14:0 and  occurrence of С19:0. The increased level of monounsaturated fatty acids was observed in tumor tissue as compared to the control samples. Deficiency of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids was noted in all tissue fragments. The specific features of fatty-acid composition of cervical cancer with different differentiation grade were found.

The efficacy of the protocol of preoperative preparation and accelerated rehabilitation of patients in surgical treatment of thoracic esophageal cancer was aevaluated. The protocol was based on the analysis of short-term results of surgical treatment of 190 patients with esophageal cancer. The algorithm devised at the Moscow Research Institute of Oncology was applied to 30 patients with cancer of the esophagus and cardia. Postoperative complications occurred in 12 (40 %) patients of the study group including surgical complications in 4 patients (chylothorax – 2, failure of the esophageal-intestinal anastomosis – 1, small bowel obstruction – 1). Nonsurgical complications in the absence of surgical ones were noted in 7 patients (pneumonia – 6, heart rhythm disturbances – 1). No lethal outcomes were registered. Patients in the control retrospective group (n=50) underwent surgeries in the same extent after the standard preoperative preparation. Postoperative complications in the control group occurred in 28 (48 %) cases, 4 (8 %) patients died. The median postoperative hospital stay was 11 days (range: 10–29 days) in the study group and 18 days in the control group. Accordingly, the above protocol of preoperative examination and preparation of patients allows the frequency of  postoperative complications and lethality to be significantly decreased, thus reducing the hospital stay.

The analysis of orthopedic rehabilitation of 49 patients with primary tumors of leg bones using ostheosynthesis technique was presented. Patients with bone sarcoma underwent non-free osteoplasty by G.A. Ilizarov after combined treatment including radical tumor resection and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In the group of patients with benign tumors the rehabilitation measures for anatomic-and-functional recovery of the limb operated were made in a single-stage fashion. The use of the transosseous osteosynthesis technologies according to Ilizarov allowed replacement of post-resection bone defects and optimal limb reconstruction not only in adults, but also in children with incomplete skeletal formation.

Results of epidemiological study on kidney cancer incidence among the population of the Primorsky Krai are presented. Methods of mathematical statistics recommended by the Ministry of Public Health were used. Within the first 5 years of the period 1994 to 2008, the
kidney cancer incidence rate increased from 8,3 0/0000 to 12,5 0/0000 in men and from 4,4 0/0000 to 6,6 0/0000 in women, being the 8th most common cancer in men and the 11th most common cancer in women. The highest incidence rate was observed at the age of 55–59 years. The kidney cancer incidence rate in children for the period 1994–2008 was 1,8 0/0000, reaching peak incidence at age 0–4. Kidney cancer is the third most common cancer following hemoblastosis and brain tumors in children of this age group.

From 2007 to 2011, 39 patients with locally advanced breast cancer (T2-4N0-3M0-1) received multimodality treatment including neo-and adjuvant chemotherapy, radical or segmented mastectomy, neutron therapy to the area of postoperative cicatrix and external beam radiotherapy to the areas of regional spread. Neutron therapy delivered to the area of postoperative cicatrix was well tolerated by all patients. The overall 4-year and relapse-free survival rates were 86,2 ± 6,8 % and 92,7 ± 4,9 %, respectively

Hereditary breast cancer occurs in 5–20 % of cases and it is associated with inherited mutations in particular genes, such as BRCA1 и BRCA2 in most cases. The CHEK2, PTEN, TP53, ATM, RAD51, BLM, PALB2, Nbs genes are associated with low and median risks of
developing breast cancer. Molecular genetic studies identify germinal mutations underlying hereditary breast cancer. In most cases hereditary breast cancer refers to triple-negative phenotype, which is the most aggressive type of breast cancer, that does not express the genes for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The review presents the diagnostic and treatment methods of hereditary breast cancer. Clinical-morphological aspects allow the new diagnostic and treatment methods of hereditary breast cancer to be identified. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors demonstrate the potential for effective treatment of BRCA-associated breast cancer.

This review describes the role of HPV-infection in the development of cervical cancer and the prevalence of HPV types by stage and histological types of cervical cancer. Differences in oncogenic potential of HPV types and changes in antiviral immunity response define
stable disease or disease progression. Problems related to HPV-negative cervical cancer and the role of viral load in the prognosis of cervical cancer are considered.