Современные представления о биопсии сторожевых лимфоузлов при раке молочной железы: обзор

Цель исследования – провести систематический анализ имеющихся в современной литературе данных о проведении биопсии сторожевых лимфоузлов при раке молочной железы в различных клинических ситуациях. 
Материал и методы. Поиск проводился в базах данных Web of science, PubMed, scopus, Google scholar. Было проанализировано 213 источников, посвященных особенностям применения биопсии сторожевых лимфоузлов при раке молочной железы, из которых 48 были включены в обзор. 
Результаты. Биопсия сторожевых лимфоузлов утверждена как стандартная процедура при ранних стадиях рака молочной железы, демонстрируя эффективность и безопасность при небольших опухолях, интактных лимфоузлах и микрометастазах. В настоящее время активно изучается возможность расширения показаний к биопсии сигнальных лимфоузлов на более сложные случаи, включая изменение статуса лимфоузлов после неоадъювантной химиотерапии, мультицентричный рак и рецидивы рака молочной железы, что ранее считалось противопоказанием. Проводятся исследования, оценивающие безопасность применения биопсии сторожевых лимфоузлов во время беременности, открывая новые перспективы для лечения этой уязвимой группы пациенток. Расширение показаний к биопсии сигнальных лимфоузлов позволит избежать радикальной лимфаденэктомии и связанных с ней осложнений, таких как постмастэктомический синдром. Это, в свою очередь, значительно улучшит качество жизни онкологических пациенток за счет снижения послеоперационной заболеваемости и ускорения реабилитации. 
Заключение. Дальнейшее изучение и внедрение расширенных показаний к биопсии сторожевых лимфоузлов представляют собой перспективное направление в современной онкологии, направленное на оптимизацию лечения и сохранение качества жизни пациенток.

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