Opinions regarding multicentric tumor growth as prognostic factor in early gastric cancer are contradictory. The question about the rational extent of surgery for multicentric early cancer is also controversial. Some authors recommend performing only gastrectomy, others consider that resection of the stomach is adequate in most cases and the third authors consider it is possible to perform endoscopic mucosectomy in some cases. The present study demonstrates treatment results of 394 patients with early gastric cancer who  underwent surgery from 1990 to 2008. Multicentric tumor growth was diagnosed in 23 of 394 (5.5 %) patients. All patients received surgical treatment. Multicentric early gastric cancer showed no increase in the rate of lymphogenic metastatsis and worsening of surgical treatment results in comparison with monocentric gastric cancer. Similar survival rates irrespective of the number of foci of early gastric carcinoma indicate no prognostic
significance of multicentric growth for early gastric cancer.

Surgery strategy for patients with early gastric cancer remains disputable. The main reason of controversy is the extent of surgical intervention, namely, whether D2 dissection  improves treatment outcomes of early gastric cancer? The present study demonstrates treatment outcomes of 394 patients who underwent surgery for early gastric cancer between 1990–2008. The major risk factors for lymphogenic metastasis (lymphatic invasion, cancer invasion into submucous layer, tumor size > 4.0 cm venous invasion, tumor spread to the esophagus, macroscopic types 0I and 0III and poorly-differentiated tumor) have been found to be an absolute indication for D2 lymphodissection. The restriction of surgery extent to D1-lymphodissection is possible only in patients with negligibly low risk of metastasis regardless of the type of early cancer.

Different modes of treatment of 78 patients with stage IIb-IIIb locally advanced cervical cancer were assessed. The study group comprised 30 patients who received 2 courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by combined curative radiation therapy. The comparison group included 20 patients who received combined radiation therapy with cisplatin radiomodification. The control group consisted of 28 patients who received combined curative radiation therapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was found to promote more rapid symptom relief, significant reduction in primary tumor volume and improvement of tumor resectability. The assessment of long-term outcomes showed a significant
increase in recurrence-free and overall survival rates in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to patients treated with radiation therapy without adjuvant chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in more pronounced positive changes in values of functional scale as well as in significant improvement of general health status of patients compared to other group patients

The rate of colon cancer recurrence after primary radical resection is reported to be 20–30%. Treatment approaches for patients with locally recurrent colon cancer are widely discussed in the literature. The retrospective analysis included 265 patients with stage I–III primary colon cancer treated at the Moscow Cancer Center from 2004 to 2008. In patients with locally recurrent colon cancer who underwent radical surgery, the median survival time was 34.3 months. In patients who underwent palliative surgery, the median survival time was 21.8 months and in patients who received chemotherapy, the median survival time was 12.0 months. The overall survival rate in patients with local recurrence of colon cancer was found to be increased after radical surgery with or without chemotherapy.

The study included 103 patients with stage T1–3N0–3M0 breast cancer who received multimodality treatment including neo- and adjuvant chemotherapy according to CMF and CAF schedules, hormonal therapy, radical mastectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy. All patients were divided into two groups depending on the volume of postoperative radiation therapy. Group I patients (n=48) received 40–44 Gy external radiation therapy to the areas of potential regional spread. Group II patients (n-55) additionally received radiation therapy delivered to postoperative scar area at a total dose of 38–44 isoGy. The  comparative analysis of long-term results showed a significant decrease in the rate of local recurrences and increase in the 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival rates in the group of breast cancer patients who received adjuvant radiation therapy to the areas of potential regional spread and postoperative scar. In order to plan adequate radiotherapy
and to minimize local radiation-induced reactions, it is necessary to consider clinical and morphological prognostic factors.

The comparative analysis of results of conservative and combined treatment was carried out. The study group consisted of 400 patients with stage T3–4N0–3M0 laryngeal cancer who received concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy in combination with various physical radiomodifyers. The control group comprised 920 patients treated with the same technique but without systemic polychemotherapy. The 5-year relapse-free and overall survival rates were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group  (concervative treatment: 71 % and 86 % versus 37 % and 64.8 %, respectively, р<0,001 and combined treatment: 80 % and 83 % versus 47.4 % and 52 %, respectively
(р<0,001). The functional organ was preserved in 71.2 % of locally advanced laryngeal cancer patients treated conservatively compared to 37.0 % of the control group patients. Oprgan-preserving surgeries were performed in 30.5% and 23%, respectively. The total number of patients with the larynx preservation was 50 % of the stydy group and 31.6 % of the control group.

The present study has found significant heterogeneity of luminal A breast cancer group, which is manifested by differences in relationship between the frequency of lymphogenic metastasis and morphologic and molecular-biological parameters of the primary tumor. The frequency of regional metastases has appeared to relate to the presence of microalveolar structures in infiltrating component of invasive ductal breast cancer and to its phenotypic variety only in menopausal patients. It can be evidence of differences in tumor  pathogenesis in patients with different state of menstrual function even within one molecular-genetic tumor group. It is important to emphasize that the different variants
of clinical behavior of luminal A breast cancer are associated with morphological parameters of the tumor, allowing one to easily obtain the additional information during histological examination of bioptic material for predicting clinical course of luminal-type A breast cancer.

Effects of ionizing radiation registered in cells after low dose irradiation are still poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze effects of pulsed X-rays on level of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks and their repair kinetics in cancer and normal
human cells in vitro. Analysis of radiation-induced γH2AX and 53BP1 repair foci in MOLT-4 cells with lymphoblastic origin was used for assessment of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in these cells. Number of residual radiation-induced γH2AX and 53BP1 foci at 18 h
after irradiation depended on frequency of X-ray pulses: at 8 pulses per second effect was highest in MOLT-4 cells and lowest in peripheral blood lymphocytes. It suggests that pulsed X-rays with various frequencies could be used for target influence on cancer cells being less
deleterious for normal human cells.

Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the immune system when exposed to conventional cancer chemotherapy is involved in the antitumor effect. A study is conducted to assess the relationship between immunological parameters and effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer (BC) patients. The study included 269 patients with BC (T1–4N0–3M0) and 24 practically healthy comparable age women. The estimation of the subpopulation composition of blood mononuclear cells, their functional activity, apoptosis markers, allelic polymorphism of cytokine genes, depending on the presence or absence of clinical response to NAC was done. Complete tumor regression was associated with an increase in the number of cytotoxic CD8+-cells, high functional activity of lymphocytes (proliferation in response to mitogen, the secretion of cytokines TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10, IFN-γ) and neutrophils. Close relation of highly functional cytokine genotype and high cytokine secretion in blood cells with an objective clinical response to chemotherapy was revealed. Thus, the findings suggest that an objective clinical response to NAC is associated with structural and functional preservation of the immune system. Constitutive characteristics of the patient’s organism, responsible for the level of expression of pathogenetically relevant cytokines that play a key role in the functioning of the immune system are have important meaning.

This paper deals with effect of fenugreek on the level of malone dialdehyde and certain hematologic parameters in animals with grafted Ca755 mammary carcinoma, L1210 lymphoid leukemia and Guerin carcinoma substrains, resistant to doxorubicin and cisplatin. Fenugreek consumption was shown to amend hematologic parameters and decrease level of malone dialdehyde in liver (32–63 %), kidney (21 %) and heart (33 %) in animals with different genesis tumors. Thus, these results show that fenugreek can be a potential antioxidant agent.

We compared the serum proteome profiles of squamous cell head and neck carcinoma patients with metastases, without metastases and healthy volunteers using the combination of gradient gel-electrophoresis (1D-SDS PAGE) and mass-spectrometry. The study showed the difference in the serum proteome between healthy volunteers and squamous cell head and neck carcinoma patients with metastases and without clinical evidence of disease progression. Proteins in the serum proteome of patients with  squamous cell head and neck carcinoma that participate in various cellular processes can be suggested fur further study as potential markers of cancer progression.

The study included patients with noninvasive cancer and stage T1a-b-cN0M0 invasive breast cancer who were treated between 1985 to 2009 in Russia (at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center and at the Clinic of the Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Training, 1036 patients), and in the Netherlands (LUMC, 560 patients, National Cancer Register, 22196 patients). The comparative analysis of surgery types between countries was carried out. The frequency of organ-preserving surgeries for early breast cancer in Russian and in the Netherlands was identical (53.7 % and 52.5 %). The percentage of organ-preserving surgeries over the past 20 years in Russia was not significantly changed, whereas the decrease in the rate of organ-preserving treatment from 56.2 % to 41.2 % was observed in the Netherlands.This is most likely due to an increase in the number of patients in postmenopause (>60 years) from 53.1 % to 63.8 %. The main type of organ-preserving treatment in Russia is radical resection of the breast. In the Netherlands, lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymphodissection is the most common form of breast-conserving surgery today.

The analysis of long-term results of reconstructive-plastic surgeries in patients with secondary lymphostaisis of upper extremities has been presented. When conservative treatment is ineffective, surgery is a method of choice for these patients. The extent of surgery depends on the extent of edema (from lymphovenous bypass to the total dermosubdermofasciectomy of the whole extremity with single-stage split thickness skin graft reconstruction).

The literature review is devoted to the analysis of radiopharmaceutical agents and the efficiency of positron emission tomography (PET) for diagnosis, evaluation of tumor spread and assessment of treatment response in patients with gynecological cancer. Diagnostic value of PET using18F-fluorodeoxyglucose was demonstrated in the diagnosis of primary tumor, assessment of the extent of tumor involvement and treatment response in patients with cancer of the cervix and body of the uterus, ovaries and vulva.

The breast cancer (BC) wins first place in structure of oncological incidence of the female population around the world. The special place is occupied by tumors with a superfluous expression of HER2 of a factor which is defined at 25–30 % of patients. Interest to such
patients is defined by an aggressive course of disease, an early metastasis, resistance to chemo-and hormonotherapy. The main targeted drugs registered in the Russian Federation for treatment of HER2-positive BC is Trastuzumab (herceptin®). The presented review contains data of researches on application of a preparation of herceptin in various schemes of chemotherapy. Studying of a combination of trastuzumab with cytostatics, other targeted drugs proceeds at various stages of tumoral process.