Background. Ovarian cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms of the female genital area. In recent decades, there has been a change in the age composition of patients with ovarian cancer, a change in the nature of concomitant diseases, and an increase in the number of primary multiple malignant neoplasms. In this regard, it is necessary to assess clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with ovarian cancer and to compare them with literature data for timely diagnosis of the disease and increasing the effectiveness of treatment. Purpose of the study: to determine the current clinical characteristics of patients with ovarian cancer in the Novosibirsk region. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 370 patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer, who were treated from 2020 to 2023 in the gynecological oncology department of the city clinical Hospital No. 1, was conducted. The study assessed the following parameters: age, gynecological history, body mass index, concomitant diseases, hereditary cancer history, presence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms, complaints, duration of the disease from the first clinical manifestations to morphological verification, assessment of the level of tumor markers CA-125 and HE-4, histological type of tumor, and stage of disease. Results. There were 69.2 % ovarian cancer patients aged over 50 years, 22.4 % patients aged 41–50 years, and 8.4 % patients aged under 40 years. More than half of the patients with ovarian cancer (56.2 %) either had no births at all (13.8 %) or had only one birth (42.4 %), while 68.2 % had a history of abortions. The comorbidities of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity were common in ovarian cancer patients. A burdened family history of cancer was revealed in 42.2 % of patients. BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations were found in 13.7 % of patients. in 66.8 % of cases, ovarian cancer was detected in an advanced stage (stage III–IV). High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma was the most common histological type. Primary complete or optimal cytoreductive surgery was performed in 82.7 % of patients with all stages of ovarian cancer. Conclusion. Comparison of modern clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ovarian cancer patients with available literature data makes it possible to more effectively determine risk factors, thereby increasing the quality of diagnosis and improving treatment outcomes.

Introduction. Treatment of local RCC recurrence is a serious surgical and therapeutic problem. There is no single standard strategy for the treatment of locally recurrent RCC. Objective: to evaluate the short- and long-term results of surgical treatment of patients with local RCC recurrence. Material and methods. Among all participants (n=53), 48 patients had isolated local RCC recurrence (group 1), and 5 had synchronous metastases (group 2). All patients had one or more local foci of RCC and underwent radical removal of all foci from may 2007 to January 2024. In distant metastases, metastasectomy was performed. Results. Laparotomy was the preferred access (75.4 %). The average duration of surgery was 167.5 minutes in group 1 and 300 minutes in group 2 (p=0.008). In the early postoperative period, 10 people had postoperative complications. The median follow-up period was 68.17 ± 9.17 (95 % CI 17.00; 112.50) months in group 1 and 79.60 ± 12.17 (95 % CI 47.50; 123.50) in group 2 (p=0.493). The median RFS in group 1 was 139.86 ± 11.02 (95 % CI 119.00; 154.50) months and 100.67 ± 10.22 (95 % CI 91.00; 121.00) months in group 2 (p=0.375), while the local RFS was 174.80 ± 12.22 (95 % ci 139.00; 194.50) and 126.00 ± 11.40 (95 % CI 109.20; 142.40) months in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.352). The median PFS was 193.00 ± 11.22 (95 % ci 172.02; 209.50) months in group 1 and 121.13 ± 11.14 (95 % CI 111.00; 146.43) months in group 2 (p=0.266). The median OS was 149.70 ± 11.20 (95 % CI 123.12; 161.43) months in the group 1 and 56.50 ± 11.20 (95 % CI 33.20; 78.42) months in the group 2 (p=0.169). The 5-year CSS was 85.7 % in group 1 and 40 % in group 2 (p=0.096). The 10-year CSS rate was 81 % and 4 % in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.109). Conclusion. Surgical intervention is effective treatment for local recurrence, providing good oncological outcomes; however, size and proximity to neighboring organs can significantly impact the risk of perioperative complications.

Postoperative metabolic disorder, namely the development of protein-energy deficiency is one of the challenges in cancer surgery, especially in head and neck surgeries, which are considered the most traumatic. The development of protein-energy deficiency significantly reduces the reparative capabilities of the body and worsens the surgical treatment outcomes. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of stress protection with enkephalin dalargin, as a component of anestheticmanagement, on the severity of catabolic syndrome in the postoperative period in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. Material and methods. The study included 58 patients who underwent surgical treatment for oropharyngeal cancer. The study group consisted of 29 patients who were given a carbohydrate drink, 400 ml in the evening before surgery and 200 ml 2 hours before surgery. Dalargin was administered in the perioperative period. The control group included 29 patients with standard perioperative management. The conditions of performing surgery in both groups were similar. The levels of real energy metabolism, RQ, nitrogen balance, hormonal spectrum and the number of postoperative complications were studied. Results. The combination of pre-carbohydrate loading and dalargin in the perioperative period was characterized by a significantly lower release of stress hormones as components of the surgical stress response. A positive effect on aerobic metabolism and a decrease in the number of postoperative complications were also observed. Conclusion. The proposed technique can be one of the methods of combating the development of the hypercatabolic phase of metabolism, due to the effectiveness of limiting the surgical stress response and regulating carbohydrate metabolism.

Background. The cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 are involved in the metabolism of carcinogens and have been linked to various cancers, including lung cancer, primarily through their overexpression in tumor tissues. Aim of study. This study describes the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression profiles in lung adenocarcinoma (AC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and explores the possible associations with demographic and clinical features among Turkish patients. Material and methods. This retrospective study analyzed clinical data from 40 patients with lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. tumor and adjacent healthy tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained to profile CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression. Associations between protein expression levels and patient characteristics were examined. Results. Significant immunohistochemical differences were found between tumorous and healthy tissues for CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Conclusion. The study suggests that the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression profiles in lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma among Turkish patients may have biomarker value for risk stratification and early detection.

Currently, there is a need to search for new prognostic factors in patients with non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC) for personalized therapy to improve survival rates. Objective: To study the most important prognostic factors influencing survival rates in patients with nccRCC. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the data of 114 patients with nccRCC treated at the Moscow City Oncologic Hospital No. 62 in Moscow and the City Clinical Oncology Center (St. Petersburg) from 2006 to 2022 was carried out. Papillary cancer was detected in 46 (40.3 %) patients, chromophobe cancer in 19 (16.7 %) and sarcomotoid cancer in 49 (43 %) patients. Seventy-four (64.9 %) patients had an unfavourable prognosis according to international RCC Data Base Consortium, with low-differentiated tumors in 72 (63.2 %) patients. Multiple metastases were detected in 88 (77.2 %) patients. The study investigated clinical and morphologic prognostic factors influencing survival rates in nccRCC patients. Results. The 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates in nccRCC patients were 27 % [95 % ci 20–37 %] and 10 % [95 % CI 5–18 %], respectively. Univariate analysis in patients with nccRCC revealed that survival was negatively affected by tumor histological subtype (p<0.001), ECOG performance status (p=0.048), Fuhrman tumor differentiation grade (p<0.001), number of metastases (p=0.019), liver metastases (p=0.012) and lymph node metastases (p<0.001), hemoglobin (p<0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p=0.005), platelets (p<0.001), and ESR (p<0.001) levels, as well as metastasectomy (p=0.033). in multivariate analysis, age older than 75 years (p=0.041), tumor histological subtype (p=0.015), type of metastases (p=0.049), liver (p=0.011) and lymph node (p=0.026) metastases, and hemoglobin level (p=0.001) were additional factors affecting the OS in patients with nccRCC. Conclusion. The prognostic factors, such as age over 75 years, type of metastases, metastases to liver, lymph nodes, and hemoglobin level, may provide a personalized approach to comprehensive treatment and evaluation of survival rates in patients with nccRCC.

Background. Mutations in homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes (BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, NBN, etc.) are found in 20–25 % of patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PC) and are an indication for prescription of PARP inhibitors. Sensitivity to these drugs results from homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in the tumor. It is currently not fully elucidated which HRR genes besides BRCA1/2 cause HRD. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of homologous recombination deficiency in pc associated with mutations in different HRR genes. Material and methods. Paired tumor and normal DNA samples from 272 pc patients were examined using the HiSNP Ultra Panel v1.0 NGS panel (Nanodigmbio). Tumor copy number variation profiles were used to obtain the HRD score, which was determined as the unweighted sum of three characteristics: the number of chromosomal regions with loss of heterozygosity (LOH), large scale state transitions (LST), and telomeric allelic imbalances (TAI). HRD scores in different pc categories were compared using the Mann–Whitney test. Results. The studied case series included 58 pcs with pathogenic/ likely pathogenic mutations in at least one of 34 HRR genes, and 214 pcs without HRR mutations. The median HRD scores in the groups with BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, other HRR mutations and without HRR mutations were 41, 22.5, 7.5, 7.5, 14 and 9, respectively. The HRD score was significantly higher in BRCA2-associated tumors than in other PC categories (p<0.01 for all comparisons), except in cases with atm mutations, where the difference did not reach formal significance (p=0.051). Homologous recombination deficiency, defined as HRD score ≥25, was observed in 19/58 (32.8 %) PCs with HRR mutations and 40/214 (18.7 %) tumors without HRR mutations (p=0.03). In tumors without HRR mutations, the HRD score was significantly higher in the presence of somatic TP53 mutations (p<0.0001). Conclusion. In contrast to BRCA2-associated PCs, most tumors with mutations in the CHEK2, NBN, BLM, FANCM, BRCA1 genes are not characterized by homologous recombination deficiency. in the case of ATM gene lesions, approximately half of pcs have a high HRD score. Testing for HRD score allows identification of a significant proportion (5–19 %, depending on the threshold chosen) of tumors with HRD among pcs that do not contain mutations in HRR genes.

Introduction. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a group of malignant breast tumors with poor prognosis and varying molecular genetic characteristics. In TNBC, genes determine whether patients belong to clusters that differ in prognosis. There are not enough studies that consider genes as risk factors for progression. The aim of this study was to identify genes of TNBC which are associated with high risk progression, and evaluate their prognostic significance. Material and methods. This study included 246 patients with TNBC. Forty-five genes performing various functions were used as a panel of genes. The molecular genetic research technique consisted of preliminary RNA isolation followed by real-time cDNA amplification using PCR. Mean gene expression levels were calculated as measures of central tendency of the numerical value with 95 CI. The significance of the influence of genes on the risk of progression (locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis) was assessed using the formation of the linear discriminant function and construction of ROC curve. The relationship between genes and clinical and morphological parameters was assessed using correlation analysis (Pearson’s χ² Spearman’s ρ test). After determining the threshold values of gene expression levels and subsequent ranking of patients into groups with high and low levels, an analysis of the survival of the formed groups was carried out (Kaplan-Meier curves). When comparing survival curves, the long-rank test was used. Results. Two genes: PGR (p=0.007) and AR (p=0.001), which were associated with locoregional relapse, and 1 gene: FOXA1, which was associated with distant metastasis (p=0.001), were selected using discriminant analysis. Statistically significant (p<0.05) correlations between the gene expressions and the tumor grade and the level of proliferative activity (Ki67) were found. Low expression levels of PGR (≤-6.4), AR (≤-4.7), FOXA1 (≤-4.4) were associated with improved overall survival. Conclusion. In patients with TNBC, PGR and AR are markers of locoregional relapse, and FOXA1 is a marker of distant metastasis. The expression of PGR, AR, FOXA1 was significantly correlated with the grade of the tumor and Ki67. Low gene expressions were associated with favorable prognosis.

Background. The major candidate genes for ovarian cancer (BRCA1/2) explain no more than 15–20 % of cases; therefore it is important to focus on the search for new molecular genetic markers. The aim of the study was to analyze the association of rs11549465/HIF1A, rs3025039/VEGFA, and rs2146323/VEGFA polymorphic variants with the risk of developing ovarian cancer in women from the Republic of Bashkortostan. Material and methods. Our research included DNA samples of women with ovarian cancer (n=205) and women without cancer at the time of blood sampling (n=259) from the Republic of Bashkortostan. Genotyping was carried out using the Real Time PCR method based on TaqMan technology. Results. Polymorphic variants, such as rs11549465/HIF1A, rs3025039/VEGFA, and rs2146323/VEGFA were not associated with the risk of developing ovarian cancer in women of the Republic of Bashkortostan. However, the rs11549465/HIF1A polymorphic locus was significantly correlated with the grade of tumor cell differentiation, and the rs3025039/VEGFA was associated with lymph node metastasis. Conclusion. These polymorphic variants may be associated with ovarian cancer prognosis. to confirm this association, it is necessary to conduct research on a large sample size.

Nutritional deficiency is a problem that occurs in 30 % to 80 % of cancer patients, but is often undiagnosed. In the era of digitalization, it is important to create programs aimed at increasing the availability of medical care. The purpose of the study was to сreate a mobile application for the diagnosis and correction of nutritional deficiency in cancer patients. Material and methods. A prospective study was conducted among cancer patients. Group 1 – cancer patients with nutritional deficiency (n=105), group 2 – without nutritional deficiency (n=96). Both groups were matched for age, gender, cancer diagnosis and concomitant pathology (p>0.05). The main phases of the study were: identification of significant markers associated with nutritional deficiency in cancer patients – complete blood count and biochemical analysis, anthropometric parameters and results of the functional tests; analysis of the capabilities of the mobile application; development of the application; validation of the created product. Results. Weight loss, body mass index, body mass deficit, skin-fat fold thickness above the triceps and below the scapula, dynamometry results in men, strength index in women, 5-fold chair stand-up test and 4-meter walk test were changed in cancer patient with nutritional deficiency. The equation for calculating the coefficient k was created using binary logistic regression, which allowed detection of nutritional deficiency. Diagnostic significance was: Sp=0.796, Se=0.798, Ac=0.785. Area under the ROC curve was 0.84 (95 % CI 0.79–0.89), p<0.001. The model formed the basis for creating a mobile application for identifying and correcting nutritional deficiency in cancer patients. The mobile application was developed based on the object-oriented programming language Object Pascal (Borland Delphi). The program eliminates the emergency complications in cancer patients. The patient or a relative or health care professional then enters the data and determines whether there is a nutritional deficiency. The personalization of recommendations is carried out by taking into consideration the functional features of eating. Сonclusion. The created mobile application makes it possible to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of nutritional deficiency by taking into account quantitative values associated with its development in cancer patients. Personalization of recommendations has been thought out, taking into account the functional status of nutritional characteristics.

The aim of this study was the development, clinical evaluation, assessment of tolerability, and immediate efficacy of combined treatment for patients with resectable colon cancer using total neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) based on the FolFox-6 regimen. Material and methods. The study included 30 patients with morphologically verified operable colon cancer at stages cT3–4N0–2. The treatment protocol consisted of 8 courses of preoperative chemotherapy according to the FolFox-6 regimen: oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² administered as a 2-hour intravenous infusion on day 1; calcium folinate 400 mg/m² administered intravenously over 2 hours, followed by a bolus of 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m² intravenously, and a continuous 46-hour infusion of 5-fluorouracil 2400 mg/m² (1200 mg/m²/day). The interval between chemotherapy courses was 2 weeks. After evaluating the effectiveness of the therapy, radical surgery with D2 lymphadenectomy was performed. The period from the end of chemotherapy to the surgical stage of combined treatment was 6–8 weeks. Results. Of the 30 patients enrolled, 29 (96.7 %) completed the planned chemotherapy regimen, while 1 patient (3.3 %) received only 4 cycles due to grade III polyneuropathy, resulting in treatment discontinuation. The overall toxicity profile of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 73%. The most common adverse events were hematological toxicities (53.3 %) and dyspeptic syndrome (26.7 %). Preoperative assessment revealed complete regression in 3 patients (10.3 %), partial regression in 15 (51.7 %), disease stabilization in 9 (31.0 %), and progression in 2 (6.9 %). All patients underwent radical surgery (R0). In most cases (n=25, 83.3 %), laparoscopic procedures were performed. Postoperative complications of grade IIIa according to the Clavien–Dindo classification occurred in 3 cases (10.0 %): re-laparotomy was required for one patient (3.3 %) due to anastomotic leakage and for two patients (6.7 %) due to intestinal obstruction. Histopathological analysis of surgical specimens revealed the following tumor regression grades (TRG): TRG 1 – 6.9 %, TRG 2 – 17.2 %, TRG 3 – 17.2 %, TRG 4 – 48.2 %, and TRG 5 – 10.3 %. Tumor downstaging was observed in 10 patients (34.5 %). Conclusion. The obtained results indicate the high immediate efficacy and satisfactory tolerability of total neoadjuvant chemotherapy using the FolFox-6 regimen in the combined treatment of resectable colon cancer.

The aim of the study was to analyze the immediate and long-term treatment outcomes in rectal cancer patients with complete clinical response to chemoradiotherapy. Material and methods. The results of chemoradiotherapy were analyzed in 20 patients with cancer of the middle and lower ampullary rectum, who were treated at the Irkutsk Regional Cancer Center from 2018 to 2022. The median age of the patients was 68.4 ± 2.3 years. There were 60 % men and 40 % women. The tumor was located in the lower and middle parts of the rectum in 85 % and 15 % of the patients, respectively. The size of the tumor was 3.7 ± 0.4 cm. Results. During a median 30-month follow-up (24–60 months), 4 patients experienced local recurrence and 1 patient had lung metastases confirmed by thoracoscopic biopsy. The 2-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 100 % and 75 %, respectively. Conclusion. The strategy of an active surveillance for rectal cancer patients who have achieved complete clinical response after chemoradiotherapy is safe and leads to non-inferior overall and relapse-free survival compared to standard surgery. This treatment option helps to avoid postoperative complications, thereby improving patients’ quality of life.

Objective. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic aberrations in prostate cancer can be reversed under the influence of a chemical agent. This fact makes the study of epigenetic changes an important object as potential therapeutic targets. Material and methods. PubMed, Medline, eLibrary.ru databases were analyzed for the keywords: epigenetic prostate cancer, lineage plasticity, neuroendocrine differentiation. For this literature review, 84 relevant publications were selected. The review included studies from 1982 to 2024. Results. The most widely studied epigenetic mutations are DNA hypo- and hypermethylation, histone variability (methylation and acetylation), and neuroendocrine differentiation. Conclusion. The study of the genomic landscape can reveal new opportunities for improving the diagnosis and therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is a potentially lethal form of the disease. It is important not only to search for new biomarkers to identify genetic disorders, but also to study the optimal therapy for advanced prostate cancer.

The purpose of the study was to systematize and present up-to-date data on the prevalence, combination and clinical significance of mutations in the “hot spots” of the FLT3, NPM1, IDH1, IDH2, DNMT3A genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Material and methods. A search was conducted for available domestic and foreign literary sources published in the PubMed and RSCI database over the past 10 years. 509 sources were found. Publications such as “letters to the editor” and “comments” on published works, animal and cell model studies, as well as works on secondary AML, AML/myelodysplastic syndrome were excluded from the analysis. Mostly more recent works with the full text of the publication available in Russian or English were used. As a result, 66 papers were included in this article. The results of high-performance sequencing AML samples (1567 adults and 144 children) presented in the C-Bioportal for cancer genomics database (C-Bioportal) were analyzed. Results. In published scientific studies, there is a different spectrum of simultaneously investigated mutations, different methodological approaches and a small volume of studied samples of patients with AML. It was found that at the time of diagnosis of leukemia in patients, several driver mutations in the NPM1, IDH1/2, FLT3 and DNMT3A genes may be detected, which implies their molecular synergy contributing to tumor development. The available scientific data indicate the accumulation of recurrent mutations of the FLT3, NPM1, FLT3, IDH1 and IDH2 genes in leukemia, starting from the stage of clonal hematopoiesis of unknown significance and ending with the debut of AML or its recurrence. According to the results of the analysis of the C-Bioportal, at the time of diagnosis of the disease, 46.6 % of patients have isolated or combined prognostically significant mutations DNMT3A p.R882, NPM1 p.W288cfs*12, FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD, IDH1 p.R132, as well as IDH2 p.R140; 35 % – mutations for which targeted drugs have been developed (Flt3, idH1 and idH2 inhibitors); in every fifth (18.1 %) case of AML NPM1 p.W288cfs*12 can be detected, which is used as an independent target for the molecular assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD), and in a third of cases, targets for the assessment of MRD, which should be studied in combination with additional markers (FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD, IDH1 p.R132, IDH2 p.R140). Conclusion. Due to the fact that in real clinical practice, NGS remains an inaccessible method for patients to date, it is advisable to screen the population of patients with AML for the presence of clinically significant mutations in the “hot spots” of the recurrent mutating NPM1, IDH1/2, FLT3 and DNMT3A genes.

The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of experimental and clinical photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant and premalignant lesions. Material and methods. The WoS, Scopus, MedLine, and RSCI databases have been searched and analyzed on this issue, mainly over the past 7 years. We found 288 sources on pharmaceutical and experimental-clinical studies of combined photodynamic therapy in combination with chemotherapy to compare the therapeutic effects of combination therapy and monotherapy, of which 50 were included in the review. Results. Photodynamic therapy is a new cancer treatment technology that has become increasingly common in recent years. In some cases, it is often an alternative method of treating cancer when there is a high risk of side effects and complications during traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The review summarized current pharmaceutical and experimental-clinical aspects of performing photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy. Despite the fact that the combination of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy gives the best results in the treatment of malignant neoplasms, this treatment strategy has limitations. One of the major challenges is that very little research has been conducted in this field. Additional research is also needed to understand the mechanisms of increasing the effectiveness of combined photodynamic therapy. The challenge of reaching and effectively treating deeper tissues remains a significant obstacle to wider application of photodynamic therapy. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the most effective photosensitizers and technologies for using non-ionizing radiation. In the review, we have also shown new strategies of using nanopharmaceuticals, which demonstrated encouraging results. Conclusion. The improved therapeutic efficacy with reduced side effects of combination of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy deserve further comprehensive study.

This review focuses on the role of probiotics as alternative prevention and treatment of cancer. In this regard, we discuss the alternative cancer biotherapeutic drugs including live or dead probiotics and their metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids, inhibitory compounds of protein, polysaccharide, nucleic acid and ferrichrome in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. We also summarize the available data on the relationship between the development of cervical, breast and colorectal cancers, and microbiome, as well as data about the potential of probiotics as an alternative approach to cancer prevention and treatment. Material and methods. A literature search was conducted using the Pubmed and eLibrary databases. Of 140 publications, the review included 57 studies. Results. the microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular and genetic stability within the body. it acts as a defense mechanism against infectious agents and various pathological processes including, cancers. The microbiome employs several strategies to neutralize carcinogenic agents. Preliminary clinical trials have yielded promising results, suggesting that probiotics may contribute to cancer prevention and enhance both the safety and efficacy of cancer treatment. However, further research is needed to confirm this suggestion. Current anticancer drugs often have significant drawbacks, including negative impact on patients’ quality of life, development of drug resistance, and high cost. Conclusion. The effectiveness of probiotic therapies appears to be influenced by several factors, such as the specific bacterial or fungal strain used, the dosage administered, and the duration of treatment. The review emphasizes the need for further rigorous clinical trials to validate the significant role of probiotics in cancer prevention and treatment. While existing research indicates promising results from probiotic treatments primarily in controlled settings, more extensive studies are required to assess both short-and long-term effects and establish standardized methodologies. This will help minimize potential side effects and find the way for the safe and effective application of probiotics as a medical intervention.

Background. Chondrosarcoma of the trachea is an extremely rare malignant tumor, accounting for only 0.1 % of all tracheal tumors. It is believed that chondrosarcoma arises from malignant degeneration in mesenchymal pluripotent cells of cartilage tissue, ossified cartilage, and enchondromas. Chondrosarcoma of the trachea is the least-studied tumor, with only 35 cases described in the literature from 1959 to 2020. Surgery with R0 resection remains the gold standard treatment of tracheal chondrosarcoma. The median age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 68 years, and 91 % were male. The most common symptoms at the initial visit were dyspnea (up to 80 % of cases). Tumors located in the proximal third of the trachea were observed in 54 % of cases, while tumors in the distal third of the trachea were found in 29 % of cases. Low-grade tumors (g1) were the most common (54 %). Computed tomography of the chest is considered the gold standard for the detection of tracheal tumors. Purpose: To demonstrate a successful case of treatment of tracheal chondrosarcoma. Case presentation. A 67-year-old male patient was diagnosed with a tracheal tumor. On 04.07.2022, surgical treatment was performed: circular resection of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th tracheal rings with lymph node dissection of the regional paratracheal lymph nodes R0. The postoperative period was uneventful. Adjuvant therapy was not given. At the 2-year follow-up, no anastomotic complications were reported. Conclusion. To date, circular resection of the trachea (R0) with end-to-end tracheal anastomosis is the gold standard for treating tracheal chondrosarcoma. this approach was performed in 77 % of cases with the median follow-up time of more than 30 months and relapse rate of only 6 %. It should be noted that adjuvant chemotherapy was not used in these cases due to the extremely low sensitivity of the tumor to chemotherapy drugs.

Background. Cancer incidence is steadily increasing every year, and an estimated 20 % of cancer patients will develop brain metastases. This dictates the need to develop effective treatment modalities. Clinical case description. A 49-year-old female patient was admitted to the Russian Research Neurosurgical Institute with stage IV cT1bN2M1 squamous cell carcinoma of the right lower-lobe bronchus (metastases in the brain) with a local recurrence of metastasis in the right temporal lobe. Removal of the tumor was performed under fluorescent guidance and biospectroscopy using a fiber-optic probe and uno software. Histopathological examination of the biopsy sample and IHC staining confirmed metastastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the bed of the removed tumor was performed using the LFT-02-Biospect laser system (Biospec, Russia) with biospectroscopy. The therapy was completed upon achieving the photobleaching effect and reducing the fluorescence index to values close to normal tissues. The histological examination of the perifocal zone after PDT demonstrated the absence of tumor cells and the presence of pronounced lymphocyte infiltration, which may indicate activation of the immune system. evaluation of the perifocal zone after PDT by means of histological examination demonstrated the absence of tumor cells and the presence of pronounced lymphocyte infiltration, which may indirectly indicate activation of the local immune response. The patient was subsequently observed by an oncologist at her place of residence with follow-up examinations. Antitumor therapy was not prescribed. Conclusion. In this case, no disease recurrence during a follow-up of 11 months, as well as persistent stabilization of the primary tumor with regression of extracranial foci for 6 months was observed. PDT, a treatment method that selectively and locally destroys tumor cells, appears to be safe and promising especially for patients with brain metastases.

Generalized metastases to parenchymatous organs in gastric cancer are usually associated with hematogenous spread of cancer cells. Generalized lymphogenous metastasis involves the spread of cancer cells to distant lymph nodes and serous membranes. There is very little information on generalized metastases to parenchymatous organs due to tumor embolism of their lymphatic vessels. Objective: to present a fatal case with generalized lymphogenous metastases to parenchymatous organs. Case presentation. A 56-year-old female patient with gastric cancer presented to the hospital with generalized lymphogenous metastases to parenchymatous organs. The patient received palliative treatment in the hospital for 11 days. The pathological examination showed extensive lymphovascular invasion with massive embolism of the lymphatic vessels of the peritoneum, pleura, pericardium, retroperitoneal tissue and almost all organs except the brain. Tumor emboli in the lymphatic vessels intensively expressed integrin subunits a6 and b4, as well as the laminin subunit γ2. Conclusion. Widespread metastases to parenchymatous organs may be caused by tumor embolism of the lymphatic vessels. This variant of progression may be associated with the expression of integrin subunits α6 and β4, as well as the laminin subunit γ2 by tumor cells.

Twenty-five years have passed since the death of Nikolai Vladimirovich Vasiliev (1930–2001), the famous Russian scientist, philosopher and thinker, but the fruits of his foresight continue to surprise and amaze with their accuracy and insight. This article is devoted to a brief analysis of the situation in which humanity found itself at the turn of the century and changes that contributed to the development of civilization. Nikolai Vladimirovich Vasiliev believed that “one of the signs of the immaturity of earthly civilization is not only the disharmony of the technogenic and moral process, but also the level of development of the humanities, biological and technical sciences in modern society.” The article analyzes the parallels of events predicted by N.V. Vasiliev and taking place at present. Biomedicine is considered as a “saving vector of further achievements of developing humanity in the 21st century for improving technologies of disease prevention and health restoration, and maintaining healthy longevity” (Vasiliev N.V., 2001). Surprisingly, the concepts of the development of world processes, relationships of different populations, as well as the tendencies of the development of humanity predicted by N.V. Vasiliev, find their place. in this article, the main attention will be paid to the problem of heterogeneity of humanity, ambiguity of humanity development prospects, and biological and biomedical aspects of science development.