The purpose of the study was to analyze the cancer incidence among the population living in siberia and Russian Far East. material and methods. cancer incidence and mortality data collected from populationbased cancer registries of the Russian cancer statistics, covering the period 2005–2018, were used. the crude and age-standardized cancer incidence rates were analyzed. Results. During the study period, 1 336 260 new cases of cancer were diagnosed in the regions of siberia and Russian Far East. Of them, 77.2 % new cancer cases were registered in the siberian Federal District. the highest percent of increase in the number of cancer cases in the siberian Federal District was observed in the republics of Khakassia (84.8 %), tuva (61.9 %), Buryatia (52.8 %), and Krasnoyarsk Krai (82.4 %). In the Far Eastern Federal District, the highest cancer incidence rates were registered in the sakhalin Region (43.6 %) and Kamchatka Krai (41.8 %). the average age of patients in 2018 was 55.7 years (57.9 years for men and 53.7 years for women) compared to 57.4, 59.1 and 55.9 years, respectively in 2005. Lung cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men (19.5 %), whereas cancer of the female reproductive system was the most prevalent in women (38.4 %). the highest age-standardized cancer incidence rates in the siberian Federal District in 2018 were observed in the Irkutsk region, altai and Krasnoyarsk territories. In the Far Eastern Federal District, the highest agestandardized cancer incidence rates were observed in the sakhalin and Magadan regions. Conclusion. the number of new cancer cases and age-standardized cancer incidence rate were shown to increase in siberia and Russian Far East. the average age of men and women diagnosed with cancer decreased. the percent of increase in the age-standardized cancer incidence rate was higher in women than in men. Many of the most prevalent cancers were associated with the «westernized lifestyle» of developed countries.

Background. Experimental data suggest that tumor growth depends on angiogenesis. Once the tumor reaches a size of up to a 1 mм in diameter, a further increase in the population of tumor cells requires the growth of new blood vessels. In contrast to benign lesions, a rapid growth of cancer cells results in the formation of pathological vessels of different diameter and chaotic distribution. therefore, determination of the type of vascularization of lesions is an important criterion in the diagnosis of breast cancer (Bc). color Doppler mapping (cDM) is an ultrasound technology that evaluates blood floor through a blood vessel; however, according to data from a variety of literature sources, cDM is not sensitive to slow (week) blood flow as it allows the visualization of only large vessels with a diameter of at least 100 µm. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of cDM in determining the type of vascularization of malignant and benign breast tumors, as well as to detect their statistically significant Doppler characteristics by comparing with histological findings. material and methods. From 2017 to 2019, a total of 277 women with complaints of breast lump or pain underwent ultrasound examination using cDM. Results. statistically and diagnostically significant us characteristics of benign lesions included the presence of avascular or hypovascular types of blood flow. the most significant characteristic of malignant lesions was the presence of hypervascular mixed blood flow. the diagnostic value of ultrasound B-mode in combination with cDM in differential diagnosis of breast tumors was as follows: 77.6 % sensitivity, 51.7 % specificity and 58.8 %. accuracy. Conclusion. statistically and diagnostically significant signs observed by cDM allow one to use this ultrasound technology in the early diagnosis of breast cancer. However, low diagnostic efficiency of cDM dictate the need to search for new ultrasonic signs.

Aim: to analyze the quality of life of patients with locally advanced inoperable lung cancer during radiation and photodynamic therapy. material and methods. the study included 59 patients with stage II–III lung cancer. the first group (Rt) included 28 patients, who received radical radiation therapy. they completed questionnaires before starting radiotherapy and 2–3 days before the completion of radiotherapy. the second group (PDt + Rt) included 31 patients, who underwent endoscopic photodynamic therapy followed by radical radiation therapy. they were interviewed three times: before PDt, 10 days after PDt (before radiation therapy), and 2–3 days before the completion of radiation therapy. two types of questionnaires were used: patient lung cancer symptom scale (Lcss) and EuroQol questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Results. the student’s t test and Mann-Whitney u test showed no statistically significant differences in symptoms (except for the symptom «blood in the sputum») between two groups. Both treatment options demonstrated improvement in most items assessing symptoms. In the Rt group, no statistically significant improvements in the item assessing pain were found. In the PDt + Rt group, no significant improvements in the item assessing cough were observed. a comparison of the data of the intermediate (after PDt) and the final questionnaire allowed us to establish that the items «appetite», «fatigue», «pain» and «the impact of the disease on life» improved only after the completion of full-course therapy. the improvement in the item assessing cough was observed after PDt; however, the treatment outcomes showed a return (worsening) of the symptom to the level, which was before treatment. the comparison of the data of the intermediate (after PDt) and the final questionnaire showed the improvement of the items, such as «mobility», «self-care», «daily activities» and «anxiety/depression» after PDt; however, the treatment outcomes indicated a return (worsening) of the symptom to the level, which was observed before treatment. Conclusion. Both types of questionnaires provided important information about the patient’s condition. Lcss questionnaires seem to be preferable in terms of the possibility of using parametric criteria and, as a consequence, obtaining quantitative data on changes in the health of patients. the analysis did not allow us to make a conclusion about the difference in the final efficacy Rt and PDt + Rt in terms of subjective assessment of the health status by the patients themselves. the use of questionnaires in the PDt + Rt group showed that after PDt (before starting Rt) patients had positive changes in their health, which were observed in the Rt group after the completion of full-course therapy.

Background. until now, only a few reports have been available on clinical management of breast cancer patients with metastases to the contralateral axillary lymph nodes. Breast cancer is traditionally considered to affect ipsilateral lymph nodes. However, there are many reports describing cases with contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis. Case presentation. We report a case of cancer in the right breast with contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis (Т2N1М1). Histological examination revealed invasive ductal G2 carcinoma with angiolymphatic invasion. No mutations in the BRca1, BRca2, cHEK2, and NBs1 genes were detected. the patient received complex treatment. Literature review. a PubMed search was conducted using the systematic review filter to identify articles describing cases with contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis. contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis, especially after surgery or radiotherapy, should be considered not only as hematogeneous metastasis but also as lymphagenous metastasis. survival of these patients is more comparable to that observed in patients with locally-advanced cancer than to that observed in patients with distant metastases. Conclusion. Early detection and management of contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients remains a debatable topic. Factors affecting disease prognosis have not been identified yet. Further studies concerning staging of contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis are needed.

Renal cell carcinoma (Rcc) is the most common form of kidney cancer, accounting for about 90 % of cancers in the kidney. clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRcc) is the most common histological type of Rcc. clear cell renal cell carcinoma is characterized by specific genomic and transcriptomic aberrations in the tumor. We performed a targeted sequencing of key oncogenes and a genome-wide expression study in 58 patients with Rcc belonging to a population of the western part of the Russian Federation. the integrative analysis of genomics and transcriptome data revealed that the NFkβ nuclear complex, ERBB2 receptor, and tP53 transcription factor were the key regulators of observed changes in the expression. We also carried out the analysis of the mutational landscape in key genes associated with cancer. We found the difference in the molecular mechanisms of Rcc between different populations, since the detected expression regulators were not previously described as expression mediators in Rcc. since the ERBB2 receptor is a highly attractive target for therapeutic interventions of breast cancer, we will eventually be able to develop new treatment modalities for Rcc.

Objective: to study the relationship between metalloproteinases and expression TIMP1 expression and intensity of inflammatory response in the cervical stroma of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and microinvasive carcinoma. Material and methods. Morphological, morphometric and immunohistochemical examination of cervical biopsies in patients with cervical epithelial neoplasia (cINI–III) and microinvasive carcinoma was carried out. all patients were divided into two age groups: group 1 consisted of 95 patients of early reproductive age ranged from 18 to 35 years (mean age 28.5 ± 0.58 years) and group 2 consisted of 85 perimenopausal and menopausal patients aged 49 to 65 (mean age 55.4 ± 0.98 years). Results. In women of both age groups, the density of inflammatory cell infiltrate was shown to increase, being significantly higher in women of group 1 than in women of group 2. the increase in the expression level of metalloproteinases-2, -3, -7, and -9 with dysplasia progression was observed in women of both age groups, being also higher in group 1 women. the tIMP1 expression level was higher in group 2 women and increased with disease progression. Conclusion. In young women, pronounced and active inflammation in the cervical stroma contributes to a high potential for metalloproteinase synthesis. a higher level of tIMP1 expression in perimenopausal and menopausal women may be one of the factors contributing to a decrease in the metalloproteinase synthesis in these women.

Aim: to study the effect of a pulsed magnetic field (PMF) on the expression of key tumor suppressor genes, such as aPc, MLH, and MGMt in human t98G glioblastoma cell line. material and methods. the PMF with the intensity of 15 and 300 mt was used alone and in combination with ionizing radiation at a single dose of 10 Gy. to perform ionizing radiation, theratron Equinox 60co unit Best theratronics Ltd., Ottawa, canada) was used. the source of the pulsed magnetic field was Neuro-Ms / D therapeutic advanced device of the Neurosoft company. Live and dead cells were determined in NanoEntekJuliFl cell counter (Korea) using a 0.4 % trypan blue solution to stain dead cells. total RNa was extracted according to the protocol of the manufacturer trizol with changes: the aqueous phase was separated with trizol reagent twice. the quantitative measurement of the isolated RNa was carried out on a Qubit 2.0 fluorimeter using a kit of reagents with the Quant-it RNa assayKit RNa intercalating dye (Life technologies, usa). the expression of MLH, aPc, and MGMt genes was evaluated by Rt-PcR using a cFx96 amplifier (BioRad, usa). Data were analyzed using the cycle threshold (ct) method with normalization for tBP gene expression in each sample. Relative expression of the genetic locus (Exp) was calculated by the 2-Δct method. statistical analysis of the results was carried out using the statictica v10 software package. Results. One day after exposure to PMF, significant differences in the MGMt expression level compared to the control were found (p<0.05). a significant decrease in the transcriptional activity of the MGMt gene in glioblastoma cells was observed with PMF intensity of 15 mt, and correlated with the cell mortality rate. No changes in the mortality rate were observed after radiation exposure combined with 15 mt PMF. However, the mortality rate decreased from 18.7 % to 15 % after radiation exposure combined with 300 mt PMF. Conclusion. the effect of reduction in the transcriptional activity of MGMt in t98G glioblastoma cells and the effect of PMF as a monofactor on their viability characterize the magnetic susceptibility of tumor cell mechanisms. Given the multidirectional nature of the combined interaction of ionizing radiation and PMF, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of choosing and justifying the role of biotropic parameters of PMF in order to exclude a negative effect on the treatment.

Previous studies of the morphological features of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas revealed a significant association of the presence of discrete tumor cells and a low level of inflammatory infiltrate with lymphogenous metastasis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quantity of tumor cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMt) in tumor cell structures of different degrees of differentiation and to assess the prognostic model of lymphogenous metastasis based on the studied parameters. Material and methods. the main clinical tumor characteristics and morphological patterns of the tumor were assessed in 92 patients. the expressions of snail and Vimentin proteins were studied in 16 patients using confocal microscopy. Results. the expression of the EMt marker in cell structures of different degrees of differentiation was evaluated; the maximum number of snail- and Vimentin-positive cells (20 % each) was observed in discrete tumor cells. No difference in the proportion of cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition between patients with and without lymphogenous metastasis was found. thus, the prognostic model of lymphogenous metastasis included: the presence of single tumor cells and low level of inflammation. the sensitivity of the model was 54.5 %, and specificity was 89 %.

Introduction. the ability of the small intestine (internalization) to absorb water-soluble anticancer cytostatics determines the possibility of their oral administration. the ex-vivo express method that simulates the internalization of substances using a modified technique of an isolated «inverted» segment of the rat small intestine with flash chemiluminescence is adequate to solve the problem. Objectives: to evaluate the absorption of the new water-soluble anticancer cytostatics with different properties from the rat small intestine for preclinical study by oral administration. Material and methods. conjugated with acridinium (Acridinium NHS Ester, Toronto Research Chemicals, Canada) cytostatics were studied: low molecular weight (1) anthrafuran-acridinium (MW 0.8 kDa) and high molecular weight (2) aimpila-acridinium (MW 105 kDa) and (3) L-lysine-α-oxidase (LO-acridinium, MW 122 kDa). absorption was determined in a modified model of an isolated «inverted» segment of the rat small intestine using flash-chemiluminescence with the calculation of the relative light units (RLu). Results. It was shown that the absorption level of acridinium-conjugated cytostatics depending on molar concentration ranged from 55 % (1) to 1.7–11 % (2, 3) and 2500 (1) to 9.2–188 nmol/l (2, 3), respectively. the level of internalized anthrafuran-acridinium (55 %) was consistent with the known value of the effective non-conjugated cytostatic oral dose, which was two times higher than equitherapeutical parenteral dose: 100 mg/kg vs 50 mg/kg. Conclusion. the data obtained allow us to consider ex vivo express method for preclinical study of the various water-soluble anticancer cytostatics for screening and identification of an opportunity for oral administration and estimation of starting dose. the method has a good correlation with in vivo tests and economically favorable due to a quick response and small number of the tested agent.

Melanoma remains one of the most dangerous skin cancers among fair-skinned population. the search for new effective treatments, including therapy based on the selection of molecular targets, is one of the main and difficult tasks in the study of melanoma. One of the trends in experimental oncology is the study of microRNa’s role in carcinogenesis. MicroRNas are involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, invasion, and carcinogenesis. It has been previously revealed that miR-204-5p levels are reduced in malignant tumors, in particular, in skin melanoma. the aim of this study was to determine the functional role of sIRt1 as a direct target of miR-204-5p in the pathogenesis of skin melanoma. Bioinformatics analysis allowed identification of micrRNa target genes that affected apoptosis, proliferation and cell viability. the level of proliferation of melanoma cells under the influence of small interfering RNa was estimated using the Mtt test and fluorescence microscopy. Luciferase Reporter assay was performed to evaluate whether sIRt1 was a target of miR-204-5p. Relative luciferase activity was calculated 48 hours after transfection with miR-204-5p mimic. the Mtt test showed that the proliferative activity of melanoma cells decreased 72 hours after siRNa sIRt1 knockdown. Fluorescent microscope revealed the same tendency in sIRt1 siRNa transfected cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that miR-204-5p repressed the expression of sIRt1 through binding to its 3`utR. therefore, miR-204-5p can regulate melanoma cell proliferation by targeting sIRt1 which can affect intercellular signaling systems related to cell cycle.

trichothecenes and their derivatives have recently attracted much attention of researchers with respect of their potential role in medicine, including for the treatment of different types of cancer. The purpose of the study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of Fusarium trichothecene on human breast cancer cells,  human skin fibroblasts and embryonic kidney cells in vitro. Material and methods. Based on the Mtt assay, the cytotoxic effect of trichothecene on cell cultures was determined. Evaluation of morphological changes in cell cultures under the influence of trichothecene was performed by light microscopy. Results. Fusarium trichothecene was found to exhibit a dose-dependent toxic effect on cell lines in the range 1 nM to 1000 nM. the most pronounced cytotoxic effect of trichothecene was observed in human breast cancer cell line (IС50 94.72 ± 4.1 нМ). Lower doses of trichothecene led to a change in the size, shape of human breast cancer cells, human skin fibroblasts and embryonic kidney cells, and loss of contact between them and their isolation. the degradation of cell membranes, formation of unformed cell aggregates and fragments were observed in higher doses of trichothecene. Conclusion. Fusarium trichothecen is a biologically active compound and is less toxic to the normal than to the cancer cell lines, therefore, further studies of this agent are needed.

The purpose of the study was to provide data on the sources of prostate-specific antigen (Psa) in women, as well as on serum Psa levels in healthy women and in women with benign and malignant breast cancer. Material and methods. We analyzed 50 publications available from PubMed, Medline, Google scholar concerning non-prostatic sources of Psa and its use as a serum tumor-associated marker for benign and malignant breast tumors. Results. In our study, we focus on the recent findings on non-prostatic sources and regulation of Psa synthesis in women as well as on changes in serum concentrations of this marker in patients with benign and malignant breast tumors. Various Psa isoforms (total Psa and free Psa) and free/total ratio for the detection of breast cancer and the assessment of treatment response and early detection of breast cancer recurrence were analyzed. Conclusion. the results obtained highlight the value of the assessment of Psa isoforms for early detection, prediction of therapy response and detection of breast cancer relapse. However, further studies are needed to identify the role of Psa isoforms in the diagnosis and monitoring of breast cancer patients.

Purpose of the study: a review of available data on various modern radiation therapy regimens and their effectiveness, as well as currently known markers of tumor radioresistance. Material and methods. We analyzed relevant publications available in the PubMed and cochrane Library databases between 1984 and 2019, 60 of which were used to write this review. Results. Rectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of rectal cancer in economically developed countries. In Russia, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer after lung, gastric and breast cancers. Preoperative radiation therapy followed by surgery is the preferred treatment method for rectal cancer. However, there are cases with no response to preoperative radiation therapy due to tumor cell radioresistance. Various radiotherapy regimens have been developed, differing in their effectiveness: the frequency of local recurrences, overall survival rate and quality of life of patients. cell radioresistance markers are also known. among them, there are genetic markers (changes in gene expression and micro-RNa, mutations) and proteomic markers (changes in protein expression), which can carry not only predictive value, but also be used as targets for therapy. Conclusion. Radioresistance is the major factor leading to the failure of radiotherapy and poor prognosis in patients with rectal cancer. at present, no molecular biomarkers for radiotherapy response prediction are in routine clinical use. Further research is needed to create an effective panel of molecular biomarkers and to improve personalized care for rectal cancer.

The purpose of this review was to analyze current data on nutritional support (Ns) in gastric cancer patients undergoing radical surgery. Material and methods. a literature search was conducted in the electronic databases eLIBRaRY.Ru, PubMed using the keywords «surgery», «stomach cancer», «nutrition», «ERas». Emphasis was placed on studies with a high level of evidence (systematic reviews, meta-analyses) and updated clinical recommendations of the European society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (EsPEN, 2017) and the Federation of anesthesiologists and reanimatologists of Russia (FaR, 2018). Results. Nutritional support before surgery is recommended for most patients with gastric cancer. In all cases, priority should be given to nutrients that support immunity. Immunonutrition should commence at least 57 days prior to surgery and continue postoperatively. Patients with severe malnutrition should receive preoperative Ns for 7–14 days with the use of enteral immune mixtures. supplementation of missing calories by parenteral nutrition (PN) is then recommended. In the postoperative period, renewal of Ns during the first 6–12 hours after surgery is indicated. In patients with severe malnutrition, the installation of a nutrient probe beyond distal anastomosis and the early onset of enteral nutrition with supplemental parenteral nutrition are recommended. Conclusion. Nutritional management of patients with gastric cancer represents a challenge. For patients undergoing surgery, the preoperative nutritional condition directly affects postoperative prognosis, overall survival and disease-specific survival. Perioperative nutritional support is recommended for all patients. Nutritional support should be considered as a part of the strategy of accelerated rehabilitation after surgery (ERas), and it should be combined with moderate physical activity. In patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the use of full range of pre-rehabilitation measures is recommended.

Background. Medulloblastoma represents the most common malignant pediatric brain neoplasm accounting for 15–20 % of brain tumors in childhood. However, congenital medulloblastomas are extremely rare and mostly diagnosed postnatally. to the best of our knowledge, only one case was reported where this tumor was detected antenatally by ultrasound. MRI features of fetal medulloblastoma have not been described to date. Material and methods. We present MRI findings of fetal medulloblastoma progression from the 31st week of gestation until 5.5 months of postnatal life. Histopathological, genetic and molecular parameters were studied. after partial tumor removal and chemotherapy, MRI images demonstrated complete tumor response to therapy. the follow-up period was 1.5 years. Results. Fetal MRI performed on the 31st gestational week revealed a midline cerebellar lesion of ≤2 cm in size with minor t2 hypointensity and t1 hyperintensity. additionally, a restricted diffusion on aDc-maps depicted the lesion most conspicuously. the advantage of DWI over traditional t1- and t2-VI was associated with a relatively lower diffusion coefficient in the tumor (0.63×10–3 mm2/s) compared with the surrounding medulla (0.98×10-3 mm2/s). Histopathological, genetic and molecular studies revealed desmoplastic medulloblastoma with high nodularity, cMYc/NMYc-negative, МхR+. combined treatment using 5 cycles of HIt-sKK chemotherapy by HIt MED 2014 protocol (version 2017) in a highly specialized pediatric oncology center resulted in a stable tumor remission. Conclusion. Fetal MRI with DWI is the most effective approach for early detection of congenital medullobastoma. Early prenatal diagnosis, as well as postnatal verification and classification of congenital medulloblastomas is critical for timely treatment planning and good outcome.

Relevance. Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDcs) is an extremely rare tumor originating from dendritic cells of lymphoid follicles. It most commonly arises from lymph nodes, but may originate from a variety of extranodal sites. Case description. We present the rare case of a 42 year-old-man with extranodal FDcs of the lung. the patient underwent right extended pneumonectomy with resection of the pericardium and mediastinal lymph node dissection. We analyzed clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics and assessed Vimentin, cD23, cD35, cD68, cD21, cD1a, Ki67 expressions in the tumor cells. Immunohistochemical study showed that the tumor cells were positive for Vimentin, cD23, and cD35. the cD68 expression was observed in most tumor cells, and the cD 21 expression was less abundant in tumor cells. the proliferative activity of Ki67 was about 30 % of the tumor cells. there was no cD1a expression. thus, the diagnosis of FDcs of the lung with the involvement of 2 broncho-pulmonary lymph nodes was made. Conclusion. considering the following evidence: extremely rare malignant neoplasm involving the lung; slow-growing indolent disease; difficulty in preoperative diagnosis; extended surgery with resection of the main bronchus and vessels through the pericardial cavity; unfavorable risk factors (tumor is more than 6 cm, involvement of bronchopulmonary lymph nodes), adjuvant chemoradiotherapy was recommended.

intraduction. Gastric cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in the world. the common metastatic sites of gastric cancer include liver, lymph nodes and peritoneum. testicular metastasis from gastric cancer occurs extremely rare. there are only 15 reports in literature describing cases with testicular metastasis from gastric cancer. Case report. We first report a clinical case of a man presented with metastasis in the left testis and locally advanced gastric cancer. the patient underwent gastrectomy with resection of the transverse colon and left-sided orchofuniculectomy. Postoperative morphological and immunohistological examinations revealed  gastric cancer with metastasis into the testis. He had received 6 cycles of chemotherapy, with no evidence of recurrence within a 9-month follow-up period.

Background. Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is characterized by the high frequency of recurrence after radical treatment (up to 50–60 %), and muscle-invasive bladder cancer has a lower recurrence rate (30 %). Primary metastatic bladder cancer (Bc) is detected in 10–15 % of cases. transurethral resection of the bladder is the main treatment modality for non-muscleinvasive Bc. For muscle-invasive Bc, radical cystectomy is the curative treatment of choice. chemotherapy is used for the treatment of metastatic Bc. the role of surgery for metastatic Bc has not yet been determined. there are only a few reports regarding multimodality treatment including metastasectomy for metastatic Bc. Case description. We present a clinical case of successful treatment of metastatic Bc, we used surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and x-ray endovascular technologies. the patient is alive with no evidence of disease. Conclusion. Our findings are consistent with other reports which indicate that the removal of metastases in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma is technically feasible and can be safely performed. Metastasectomy can have a positive effect on survival. However, metastasectomy remains the subject of clinical studies, and should be recommended only for patients a good response to systemic therapy.